A new global ocean temperature and salinity climatology is proposed for two time periods: a long time mean using multiple sensor data for the 1900–2017 period and a shorter time mean using only profiling float data for the 2003–2017 period. We use the historical database of World Ocean Database 2018. The estimation approach is novel as an additional quality control procedure is implemented, along with a new mapping algorithm based on Data Interpolating Variational Analysis. The new procedure, in addition to the traditional quality control approach, resulted in low sensitivity in terms of the first guess field choice. The roughness index and the root mean square of residuals are new indices applied to the selection of the free mapping parameters along with sensitivity experiments. Overall, the new estimates were consistent with previous climatologies, but several differences were found. The cause of these discrepancies is difficult to identify due to several differences in the procedures. To minimise these uncertainties, a multi-model ensemble mean is proposed as the least uncertain estimate of the global ocean temperature and salinity climatology.
After the emergence of endogenous growth theory, the role of human capital along with physical capital is considered to be imperative in promoting economic growth. The government social sector spending, mainly on education and health, contributes in forming human capital and promotes economic growth. This study examines the impact of health and education provisions on economic growth of emerging Asian economies, including Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippine, and Thailand. Using the data set for 1995-2018, the fixed effects (FE) and the random effect (RE) methods of panel data estimation are employed. Both methods reveal that the health and education support the human capital formation and stimulate economic growth.
The behaviour of "cyberloafing" at the office, which involves the use of digital technology, has received a lot of attention from both academic and mainstream media. The present study aims to clarify systematic literature review (SLR) as it pertains to cyberloafing at work. A systematic literature includes evaluation of 88 SSCI research articles ranging from 1998 to 2021 to determine the variables driving cyberloafing. Given the rising body of research on Internet-related employees' opportunism, this review presents a comprehensive look at the research on the topic by using seven keywords. The findings of the in-depth literature review indicate that the elements that influence employees' cyberloafing behaviour can be grouped into one of three categories: individual, organization, and work-related considerations. Our discussion ends with some theoretical and practical ramifications.
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