Curcuma mangga extract and its compounds were investigated for their anti-inflammatory mechanisms against nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2) release using RAW 264.7 cells. From bioassay-guided fractionation, demethoxycurcumin (1) was isolated from the chloroform fraction, whereas 15,16 bisnorlabda-8(17), 11-dien-13-one (2) and (E)-15,15diethoxylabda-8(17),12-dien-16-al (3) were from the n-hexane fraction. Bisdemethoxycurcumin (4), the structure of which is similar to that of 1, was also tested. Of the tested compounds, 3 exhibited the highest activity against NO release with an IC 50 value of 9.4 µM, followed by 1 (IC 50 = 12.1 µM), 4 (IC 50 = 16.9 µM) and 2 (IC 50 = 30.3 µM). For the effect on PGE 2 release, 1 possessed the highest activity (IC 50 = 4.5 μM, followed by 4 (IC 50 = 5.6 µM), 3 (IC 50 = 35.3 µM) and 2 (IC 50 = 42.5 µM). The mechanism at transcriptional level revealed that 1, 3 and 4 down-regulated the mRNA expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner, whereas 2 had an effect only on iNOS mRNA. These results indicate that C. mangga and its compounds do exert anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, this is the first report of the isolation of 3 from C. mangga rhizomes.
The ethanol extract of the rhizomes of Kaempferia marginata showed a potent inhibitory effect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) release in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, the partition with various organic solvents also inhibited NO production. One new pimarane-type diterpene, 1-acetoxysandaracopimaradien-2-ol (5), along with four known diterpenes (1-4), were isolated from the n-hexane and chloroform layers, respectively. Among these metabolites, compounds 1 and 4 were isolated for the first time from K. marginata. Compounds 1-5 showed significant inhibitory effects on NO production, with IC 50 values ranging from 38.6 to 51.9 µM. Furthermore, compound 2 also exhibited significant activity against TNF-α release (IC 50 = 48.3 μM). These findings may support the use of K. marginata by traditional doctors for treatment of inflammatory-related diseases.
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