In Indonesia, the coral reef ecosystem in the Tiworo Strait Conservation Area (TSCA) faces various threats of natural and anthropogenic stressors that can damage the coral reef ecosystem's role and services. We analyzed changes in coral reef habitat at TSCA over the 25 years from 1994 to 2019 using multi-temporal and multi-sensor satellite imagery data combined with in-situ measurement data and social surveys. Our results show a decrease in live coral cover from 78.30 ha in 1994 to 8.01 ha in 2019, with a 2.81 ha/year degradation rate. Our analysis of 37 threat attributes shows that the TSCA coral reef ecosystem faces a "high threat" to very high threat levels. Threat scores for coral reefs assessed as facing severe conditions according to threat indices included contributions from the ecological dimension (16.87 = very high threat), economic dimension (31.00 = high threat), social dimension (34.83 = high threat), technological dimension (41.10 = high threat), and law and institutional dimension (26.83 = high threat). Coral reefs will undoubtedly go extinct if local threats continue without preventative measures.Therefore, the sustainability of coral reefs in the TSCA-one of the most important marine conservation sites in the Coral Triangle Marine Eco-region should be the primary priority for all stakeholders. Appropriate policies and supervision in the field must be carried out rigorously and measurably, implementing the analyzed set of strategies.
This study aimed to establish an allometric model for estimation of aboveground biomass, and carbon sequestration in A. lanata mangrove forest growing in Muna Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. Research methods were done by transect and 5 quadrats with size of 100 m2 each. A total of thirteen individual trees with different sizes were harvested. While DBH and D30 were measured. The samples were separated into stems, branches, and leaves and then weighted. The sample from each fresh organs were taken and brought to the Laboratory and then oven dried at 80°C for 7 days. The allometric equations were established by using independent variables (DBH and D30), and dependent variables (Ws, Wb, Wl). The partial and overall aboveground biomasses were calculated from allometric model, while carbon stock and CO2 sequestration were estimated. The results showed that the independent variable of DBH was more applicable for estimation of Ws, Wb, Wl, and total biomasses (Mg ha-1) of A. lanata forest, which were estimated as 28.28±3.48, 6.40±0.79, 5.00±0.66, and 40.08±4.97 respectively. The carbon stock in stems (13.24±1.63 Mg ha-1) was higher than in branches (3.01±0.37 Mg C ha-1) as well as in leaves (2.35±0.31 Mg C ha-1). The total of carbon stock were estimated at about 18.83±2.33 Mg C ha-1. Meanwhile, the total of CO2 absorption by A. lanata mangrove was 43.95±5.45 Mg CO2 ha-1. Therefore a regenerated A. lanata mangrove in this in-active pond area had potentiality on carbon stock and sequestrations, although these vegetation condition was still in the growth stage.
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