For deep-water Gulf of Mexico, accurate salt geometry is critical to subsalt imaging. This requires the definition of both external and internal salt geometries. In recent years, external salt geometry (i.e., boundaries between allochthonous salt and background sediment) has improved a great deal due to advances in acquisition, velocity model building, and migration algorithms. But when it comes to defining internal salt geometry (i.e., intrasalt inclusions or dirty salt), no efficient method has yet been developed. In common industry practices, intrasalt inclusions (and thus their velocity anomalies) are generally ignored during the model building stages. However, as external salt geometries reach higher levels of accuracy, it becomes more important to consider the once-ignored effects of dirty salt. We have developed a reflectivity-based approach for dirty salt velocity inversion. This method takes true-amplitude reverse time migration stack volumes as input, then estimates the dirty salt velocity based on reflectivity under a 1D assumption. Results from a 2D synthetic data set and a real 3D Wide Azimuth data set demonstrated that the reflectivity inversion scheme significantly improves the subsalt image for certain areas. In general, we believe that this method produces a better salt model than the traditional clean salt velocity approach.

The utilization of N-centered radicals to synthesize nitrogen-containing compounds has attracted considerable attention recently,d ue to their powerfulr eactivities and the concomitant construction of CÀNb onds.H owever,t he generation and control of N-centered radicals remain particularly challenging.W er eport at ethering strategy using SOMO-HOMO-converted distonic radical anions for the site-specific aminations of imidates and amidines with aid of the noncovalent interaction. This reaction features aremarkably broad substrate scope and also enables the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules.F urthermore,t he reaction mechanism is thoroughly investigated through kinetic studies, Raman spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations,r evealing that the aminations likely involve direct homolytic cleavage of NÀHbonds and subsequently controllable 1,5 or 1,6 hydrogen atom transfer.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are pathological states of tissue destruction of the foot or lower extremity in diabetic patients and are one of the serious chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) serve crucial roles in both pathogenesis and wound healing. The primary functions of MMPs are degradation, which involves removing the disrupted extracellular matrix (ECM) during the inflammatory phase, facilitating angiogenesis and cell migration during the proliferation phase, and contracting and rebuilding the tissue during the remodeling phase. Overexpression of MMPs is a feature of DFUs. The upregulated MMPs in DFUs can cause excessive tissue degradation and impaired wound healing. Regulation of MMP levels in wounds could promote wound healing in DFUs. In this review, we talk about the roles of MMPs in DFUs and list potential methods to prevent MMPs from behaving in a manner detrimental to wound healing in DFUs.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Orexin signaling has been associated with energy expenditure and brown adipose tissue (BAT) function. However, conflicting data exist in the field about how orexin signaling regulates BAT thermogenesis. In this study, we show that a specific orexin receptor type 2 (OX2R) agonist [Ala11, D-Leu15]-OxB (OB-Ala) inhibited intrascapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) thermogenesis by reducing sympathetic output to iBAT. This effect is mediated by OX2Rs located on afferent nerve endings innervating iBAT instead of brown adipocyte itself. Microinjection of OB-Ala into iBAT inhibited iBAT thermogenesis in mice upon cold exposure and neuronal activity in the paraventricular nucleus. Findings suggest that OB-Ala could inhibit iBAT thermogenesis by attenuating sensory input thereby inhibiting the sympathetic-sensory iBAT feedback loop. Our study uncovers a novel primary action site of orexin in the regulation of energy balance.

Heavy metals (HMs) have the characteristics of high toxicity, long residual time, and difficult degradation, which pose a potential threat to aquatic ecosystems. The distribution and migration of HMs in different media can reflect their potential impact on aquatic ecosystem health. In this study, we analyzed the distribution characteristics of seven HMs (Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Hg, As, and Pb) in the water and sediment and five groups of organisms (fish, Crustacean, cephalopod, bivalvia, and gastropoda) in the sea ranching area of Haizhou Bay and explored the regularity of HM accumulation from water and sediments to organisms. The results showed that in the water, Zn and Hg had the smallest concentrations in the nearshore area, Cr had the lowest concentrations in the offshore area, and As, Cu, Pb, and Ni had the lowest concentrations in the central area. In the sediment, Hg had the smallest concentrations in the nearshore area and As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn had the lowest concentrations in the offshore area; the average contents of seven heavy metals all meet the Class I standard of sediments in China. The concentrations of Cu and Zn in crustaceans were significantly higher than those in fishes (p < 0.05), and As showed a higher enrichment effect in cephalopods. Under the influence of feeding habits and habitat environment, the BAF value of benthic crustaceans and bivalvia accumulated HMs from sediments is high, and the BAF value of fish accumulated HMs from water and sediments is low. Overall, the concentration of HMs in water is high, and HMs in sediments are in good condition, crustaceans and bivalviaa have a strong ability to accumulate HMs from water and sediments, while fish are weak. Therefore, in order to ensure the safety of biological quality, it is necessary to focus on the discharge of heavy metal pollutants near the coast in the future.