For deep-water Gulf of Mexico, accurate salt geometry is critical to subsalt imaging. This requires the definition of both external and internal salt geometries. In recent years, external salt geometry (i.e., boundaries between allochthonous salt and background sediment) has improved a great deal due to advances in acquisition, velocity model building, and migration algorithms. But when it comes to defining internal salt geometry (i.e., intrasalt inclusions or dirty salt), no efficient method has yet been developed. In common industry practices, intrasalt inclusions (and thus their velocity anomalies) are generally ignored during the model building stages. However, as external salt geometries reach higher levels of accuracy, it becomes more important to consider the once-ignored effects of dirty salt. We have developed a reflectivity-based approach for dirty salt velocity inversion. This method takes true-amplitude reverse time migration stack volumes as input, then estimates the dirty salt velocity based on reflectivity under a 1D assumption. Results from a 2D synthetic data set and a real 3D Wide Azimuth data set demonstrated that the reflectivity inversion scheme significantly improves the subsalt image for certain areas. In general, we believe that this method produces a better salt model than the traditional clean salt velocity approach.
The utilization of N-centered radicals to synthesize nitrogen-containing compounds has attracted considerable attention recently,d ue to their powerfulr eactivities and the concomitant construction of CÀNb onds.H owever,t he generation and control of N-centered radicals remain particularly challenging.W er eport at ethering strategy using SOMO-HOMO-converted distonic radical anions for the site-specific aminations of imidates and amidines with aid of the noncovalent interaction. This reaction features aremarkably broad substrate scope and also enables the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules.F urthermore,t he reaction mechanism is thoroughly investigated through kinetic studies, Raman spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations,r evealing that the aminations likely involve direct homolytic cleavage of NÀHbonds and subsequently controllable 1,5 or 1,6 hydrogen atom transfer.
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are pathological states of tissue destruction of the foot or lower extremity in diabetic patients and are one of the serious chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) serve crucial roles in both pathogenesis and wound healing. The primary functions of MMPs are degradation, which involves removing the disrupted extracellular matrix (ECM) during the inflammatory phase, facilitating angiogenesis and cell migration during the proliferation phase, and contracting and rebuilding the tissue during the remodeling phase. Overexpression of MMPs is a feature of DFUs. The upregulated MMPs in DFUs can cause excessive tissue degradation and impaired wound healing. Regulation of MMP levels in wounds could promote wound healing in DFUs. In this review, we talk about the roles of MMPs in DFUs and list potential methods to prevent MMPs from behaving in a manner detrimental to wound healing in DFUs.
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