The correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of the crude extract from J. curcas fruit were evaluated. The crude extract was obtained by extracting with selected solvent and fractionated with a hydrophilic lipophilic balanced (HLB) cartridge. The total phenolic content of crude extract with Folin-Ciocalteu method gave the content at 7.04 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g of extract and 0.22-18.61 mg GAE/g of extract for its fraction. The antioxidant activity of crude extract was 270.98 ± 0.59 µmol Fe/g of extract with Phen method and the extract gave IC 50 at 14.09 ± 0.05 mg/ mL with DPPH method. A good correlation among antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of both methods were observed. Furthermore, the methanolic fraction (F 5 ) showed highest antioxidant activity with IC 50 at 0.04 ± 0.02 mg/mL as the study of DPPH method and 207.53 ± 2.58 µmol Fe/g of extract as the study of Phen method.
The antimicrobial activity and chemical constituents of the methanolic extract from J. curcas fruit were evaluated in this study. The crude extract was achieved by extraction with 60 % (v/v) methanol. It showed the potencies of antimicrobial activity against P. putida, P. syringae pv. sesami, X. campestris, X. campestris pv. glycines, X. campestris pv. vesicatoria and R. solanacearum with the presence of inhibition zone in the range of 8.0 ± 0.0 to 13.7 ± 0.6 mm and MIC value at 214.29 ± 0.00 µg/mL. Furthermore, flavone compound can be proposed by the analysis of gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). According to the group of flavonoid compounds have strong bioactive properties; the results suggested that J. curcas fruit has highly potential as effective natural bioactive sources.
<abstract>
<p>The study of plants as a biofilter is highly relevant in the field of air pollution science to ecological restoration in urban, which is connected to the ecosystem and human health. The aim of this present study was designed to evaluate the use of <italic>Riccia</italic> as a biofilter for particulate matter. The treatment box was designed using the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model. The alignment of the biofilter plant was designed and performed in three different arrangements blocking, zigzag, and parallel panels. The particulate matter was generated by simulated B7 diesel fuel combustion smoke using a smoke generator and loaded into the chamber with air velocities of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m/s via a Laser dust sensor for both inlet and outlet air. The adsorption efficiency of the PM adsorbed on the biofilter plant was calculated. The physical properties, physiological, and biochemical parameters of the study plant such as Air pollution tolerance index (APTI), Dust capturing potential were investigated. Moreover, the micromorphological details of the plant, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and adsorbed metal were analyzed. The study revealed adsorption efficiency was in the range of 2.3%–49.6 %. The highest efficiency values for PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 were 31.4, 40.1, and 49.6, respectively, which belonged to the horizontal panel with a velocity of 2.0 m/s. The alignment of the panel and air velocities affects the efficiency. HS-GC-MS revealed that <italic>Riccia</italic> can be adsorbed the particulate matter and the quantity of Cd, Pb, and Na were 0.0044 ± 0.0069 mg/gDW, 0.0208 ± 0.0278 mg/gDW, and 0.9395 ± 0.1009 mg/gDW, respectively. The morphological study exhibited a rough surface to enhance the efficiency of the trapped particle matter. The results showed that <italic>Riccia</italic> was suitable for adsorbing the particulate matter with a diameter of 1–4 μm.</p>
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