The Extensive Air Showers (EAS) with delayed particles have been detected by the Horizon-10T experiment, located at the elevation of 3346 m above sea level near the city of Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan. Among these EAS with delayed particles there were events that had signals with two distinct pulses (maximums or modes). Such pulses we call bimodal, and showers-bimodal events. This article presents the study of the properties of only bimodal events and comparison of these properties with the EAS that were simulated using the CORSIKA software package. This thorough comparison has shown that bimodal events cannot be explained only by known physical processes taking place in electron-hadron showers.

Using a high-resolution X-Ray diffraction measurement method, the surface acoustic waves (SAW) propagation in a graphene film on the surface of a Ca 3 TaGa 3 Si 2 O 14 (CTGS) piezoelectric crystal was investigated, where an external current was driven across the graphene film. Here we show for the first time that the application of the DC field leads to a significant enhancement of the SAW magnitude and, as a result, to amplification of the diffraction satellites. Amplification of 33.2 dB/cm for the satellite +1, and of 13.8 dB/cm for the satellite +2, at 471 MHz has been observed where the external DC voltage of +10V was applied. Amplification of SAW occurs above a DC field much smaller than that of a system using bulk semiconductor. Theoretical estimates are in reasonable agreement with our measurements and analysis of experimental data for other materials.

A total of 23500 Extensive Air Showers (EAS) with energies above ∼ 10 16 eV have been detected during the ∼3500 hours of the Horizon-T (HT) detectors system operations before Aug. 2016. Among these EAS, more than a thousand had an unusual spatial and temporary structure that showed pulses with several maxima (modals or modes) from several detection points of the HT at the same time. These modes are separated in time from each other starting from tens to thousands of ns. These EAS have been called multimodal. Analysis shows that the multi-modal EAS that have been detected by Horizon-T have the following properties:1. Multi-modal EAS have energy above ∼10 17 eV. 2. Pulses with several modes are located at large distances from the EAS axis.An overview of the collected data will be provided. General comments about the unusual structure of the multi-modal EAS will be presented.

The Extensive Air Shower (EAS) data collected by the Horizon-10T detector system has numerous events exhibiting the unusual spatial and temporal structure. These are events typically with two to four pulses of tens of ns wide that are present at distances above 300 m from the EAS axis, with these pulses being delayed by hundreds of ns. Each of such pulse groups were registered simultaneously by several detectors separated by up to a km from each other. The detectors brief overview and the analysis of simulated EAS by the CORSIKA software package are given in this article. The analysis indicates that such events with unusual structure cannot be formed by showers with EM and hadronic components only. This indicates a possibility for a new process observation beyond the standard model description in the energy range above ~1018 eV.

Horizon-T is an innovative detector system constructed to study temporary structure of Extensive Air Showers (EAS) in the energy range above ~1016 eV coming from a wide range of zenith angles (up to 80°). The system, located at Tien Shan high-altitude Science Station at approximately 3340 meters above the sea level, consists of eight charged particle detection points separated by the distance up to one kilometer. The time resolution of charged particles passage of the detector system is a few ns. This level of resolution allows conducting research of atmospheric development of individual EAS. The total of ~8500 Extensive Air Showers (EAS) with the energy above 1016 eV has been detected during the ~4000 hours of Horizon-T detectors system operations since October 24, 2016 to April 21, 2017. A notable number of events has a spatial and temporary structure that showed the pulses with several maxima (modals or modes) from several detection points of the Horizon-T at the same time as described further in this work. These modes are separated in time from each other starting from tens to thousands of ns. Some are further classified as unusual event with common structure.

No abstract

An innovative detector system called Horizon-T is constructed to study Extensive Air Showers (EAS) in the energy range above 10 16 eV coming from a wide range of zenith angles (0 o -85 o ). The system is located at Tien Shan high-altitude Science Station of Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences at approximately 3340 meters above the sea level.The detector consists of eight charged particle detection points separated by the distance up to one kilometer as well as optical detector to view the Vavilov-Cherenkov light from the EAS. Each detector connects to the Data Acquisition system via cables. The calibration of the time delay for each cable and the signal attenuation is provided in this article. 1 dmitriy.beznosko@nu.edu.kz (also dima@dozory.us) a P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences,

This article illustrates the main difficulties encountered in the preparation of GHG emission projections and climate change mitigation policies and measures (P&M) for Kazakhstan. Difficulties in representing the system with an economic model have been overcome by representing the energy system with a technical-economic growth model (MARKAL-TIMES) based on the stock of existing plants, transformation processes, and end-use devices. GHG emission scenarios depend mainly on the pace of transition in Kazakhstan from a planned economy to a market economy. Three scenarios are portrayed: an incomplete transition, a fast and successful one, and even more advanced participation in global climate change mitigation, including participation in some emission trading schemes. If the transition to a market economy is completed by 2020, P&M already adopted may reduce emissions of CO 2 from combustion by about 85 MtCO 2 by 2030 -17% of the emissions in the baseline (WOM) scenario. One-third of these reductions are likely to be obtained from the demand sectors, and two-thirds from the supply sectors. If every tonne of CO 2 not emitted is valued up to US$10 in 2020 and $20 in 2030, additional P&M may further reduce emissions by 110 MtCO 2 by 2030. Policy relevanceThis article analyses Kazakhstan's climate change and energy efficiency policies by making use of a modelling platform that provides a consistent framework for testing dynamic hypotheses. The effects of different P&M have been evaluated as the differences between two scenarios according to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reporting guidelines. It concludes that domestic climate mitigation objectives are synergistic with energy efficiency goals, and the set of policies adopted to achieve both objectives should be planned, implemented, and enforced jointly. It also quantifies the GHG emissions reduction if the transition to a market economy proceeds quickly and successfully ( 2 100 MtCO 2 e in 2030), and if a mitigation-specific policy is implemented ( 2 200 MtCO 2 e in 2030) compared to a baseline projection, and it highlights the need to prepare more robust and detailed energy balances and inventory of emissions in order to develop and monitor the progress of the policies.