This experiment aimed to determine the possible bene cial effects of dietary ascorbic acid (AA) on hematological indices, immune responses, and antioxidative capacity of Oncorhynchus mykiss treated with antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC). 150 sh were divided evenly among ve experimental groups (30 sh of each, in 3 replicates) receiving diets containing OTC (0 and 100 mg per kg sh weight) and AA (100, 200, 400 and 800 mg per kg sh diet) for 28 days. Treatments include group A or control (100 mg AA without OTC), group B (100 mg AA with OTC), group C (200 mg AA with OTC), group D (400 mg AA with OTC), and group E (800 mg AA with OTC). The results obtained showed that the hematological indices (red blood cells, white blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin and neutrophils), immunological parameters (plasma lysozyme, plasma complement and skin mucus alkaline phosphatase activities), and antioxidant enzymes activities (superoxide dismutase and catalase) were signi cantly decreased by OTC in O. mykiss fed control diet (P < 0.05). The results also revealed that OTC signi cantly increased the activity of biochemical enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase) in the plasma of O. mykiss fed control diet (P < 0.05). However, in comparison to the control diet, feeding sh with higher amounts of AA (400 and 800 mg/kg diet) signi cantly restored the hematological, immunological, and antioxidative responses in OTC treated groups (p < 0.05). These ndings show that the dietary supplementation of AA at 400 or 800 mg/kg diet is bene cial in relieving O. mykiss from OTC-induced oxidative stress and immunosuppression.
The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is used to describe the ratio of sodium to calcium and magnesium in water that is very important in both aquaculture and agriculture. SAR treatments including of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 were adjusted in 10-L containers. Initial larval density was fixed at 100 larvae L À1 and during the culture period, various larval quality parameters were evaluated. Our findings illustrated that at initial stages of larval development, different SAR treatments affected the larval condition index (LCI), but no influences on larval stage index (LSI) were apparent. Importantly, this process at the final larval stages became reversed. In addition, survival at SAR 30 was 12.4% greater than among any other treatments. The highest larval resistance to stress (191 AE 5 ppm), as measured by the 24-h LC 50 formalin test also was observed for SAR 30, at the 11th larval stage. Analysis indicated that calcium absorption during larval developmental stages is affected by SAR levels in the environment and also showed that the optimal SAR treatment was 30 for Macrobrachium rosenbergii larviculture in inland hatchery brackish water. According to our findings and desired SAR for the environment and agricultural soil (<15), effluent of M. rosenbergii inland hatcheries must be treated at least two times by dilution and adding calcium and magnesium salts.
In this study, effects of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as variable nano additive on the morphology and performance of polyethersulfone (PES) membranes were investigated. PES/CNC nanocomposite membranes were prepared using electrospinning technique. Various contents (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 wt%) of the CNCs were employed to prepare PES/CNC membranes. The effects of CNCs on the membrane morphology and performance were monitored by fabrication of a control membrane without CNCs. The membranes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, pure water flux (PWF), and surface hydrophilicity (by contact angle), bacteria removal and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller. In general, it was found that addition of CNCs led to smooth fibers with many interconnected voids and significant higher hydrophilicity, as well as higher PWF. Surface analysis of the membranes demonstrated that mean of the fibers diameters of the prepared membranes with CNCs in the PES solution are smaller compared with those of the membrane prepared with no CNCs. In addition, the diameter of fibers considerably influence pore size and the ability of membranes for PWF. PES/CNC0.5 membrane had the highest PWF of 2125 L/m 2 h among the studied membranes. The contact angle measurements revealed that the hydrophilicity of PES/CNC membranes enhanced by increasing the CNC content. PWF of pure PES was 136 L/m 2 h. Whereas with the addition of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 wt% CNCs content, the PWF increased to 148, 235, and 210 L/m 2 h, respectively, indicating that the addition of CNCs can be a useful way to improve water flux. The synthesized membranes were used for the removal of bacteria, Escherichia coli, from the waste water. Bacterial removing efficiency reached to 62% by adding 0.5 wt% CNC into the PES. Finally, this study provides valuable insight into the preparation of high-performance PES/CNC nanocomposite membranes. POLYM. COM-POS., 40:E835-E841, 2019.
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