Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV‐2) is an important pathogen causing haemorrhagic enteritis in domestic dogs and wildlife worldwide. In early 2000, canine parvovirus type 2c (CPV‐2c) was first reported and subsequently became a predominant subtype circulating in Europe and the Americas. CPV‐2c has also been reported in Asia, including cases in China, India, Taiwan and Vietnam. However, CPV‐2c has never been reported in Thailand. In this study, we conducted viral enteric disease surveillance in dogs and cats in Thailand during 2016–2018. During 20 months of surveillance, 507 rectal swab samples were collected from dogs (n = 444) and cats (n = 63) with and without clinical signs. The samples were examined for parvovirus by using VP2 gene‐specific PCR for parvovirus. Our results showed that the positivity of canine parvovirus (CPV) was 29.95% and that of feline parvovirus (FPV) was 58.73%. In this study, we characterized 34 parvoviruses by VP2 gene sequencing. Moreover, two Thai‐CPV‐2 (Dog/CU‐24 and Cat/CU‐21) were characterized by whole genome sequencing. The phylogenetic results showed that Thai‐CPV‐2 had the highest nucleotide identities and clustered with Asian‐CPV‐2c but were in separate subclusters from the North American and European CPV‐2c. Similarly, whole genome analyses showed that Thai‐CPVs are closely related to Asian‐CPV‐2c, with unique amino acids at positions 297A, 324I, 370R and 426E. In summary, our results demonstrated the emergence of Asian‐CPV‐2c in dogs and cats in Thailand. Thus, the surveillance of CPV‐2 in domestic dogs and cats should be further conducted on a larger scale to determine the dynamics of predominant variants and their distributions in the country and in the Southeast Asia region.

Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome virus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging severe acute respiratory disease affecting global human health. In this study, a large-scale serological survey of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in dogs and cats was conducted during the first and second waves of COVID-19 outbreaks in Thailand, from April to December 2020. A total of 3215 serum samples were collected from dogs (n = 2102) and cats (n = 1113) living in Bangkok and in the vicinities. Serum samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by using an indirect multispecies enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positive and suspected samples were additionally tested for neutralizing antibodies by the surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). The indirect ELISA results showed that 1.66% (35 out of 2103) of dogs and 0.36% (four out of 1112) of cats were positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The sVNT results showed that all ELISA-positive and suspected samples were negative for neutralizing antibodies. Positive serum samples (35 dogs and four cats) were obtained from clinically healthy animals and animals with mild respiratory signs aged <1-13 years living in Bangkok and Samutprakarn Provinces. In summary, a serological survey revealed evidence of anti-N-IgG antibodies suggesting SARS-CoV-2 exposure in both dogs and cats during the first and second COVID-19 outbreaks in Thailand.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in humans since late 2019. Here, we investigated SARS-CoV-2 infection in dogs and cats during COVID-19 quarantine at private veterinary hospitals in Thailand. From April to May 2021, we detected SARS-CoV-2 in three out of 35 dogs and one out of nine cats from four out of 17 households with confirmed COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected from one of the nasal, oral, rectal and environmental swabs of dog-A (15 years old, mixed breed, male dog), cat-B (1 year old, domestic shorthair, male cat), dog-C (2 years old, mixed breed, female dog) and dog-D (4 years old, Pomeranian, female dog). The animals tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA from 4 to 30 days after pet owners were confirmed to be COVID-19 positive. The animals consecutively tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA for 4 to 10 days. One dog (dog-A) showed mild clinical signs, while the other dogs and a cat remained asymptomatic during quarantine at the hospitals. SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing antibodies were detected in both the dogs and cat by surrogate virus neutralization tests. Phylogenetic and genomic mutation analyses of whole genome sequences of three SARS-CoV-2 strains from the dogs and cat revealed SARS-CoV-2 of the Alpha variant (B.1.1.7 lineage). Our findings are suggestive of human-to-animal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19-positive households and contamination of viral RNA in the environment. Public awareness of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pet dogs and cats in close contact with COVID-19 patients should be raised.

Rotavirus (RV) is an RNA virus belonging to the Reoviridae family.There are nine groups of rotaviruses (A-I). Group A rotavirus (RVA) is one of the major pathogens causing gastroenteritis in humans and animals worldwide (Greenberg & Estes, 2009). The virus contains 11 dsRNA segments encoding viral structure proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, VP6 and VP7) and non-structural proteins (NSP1, NSP2, NSP3, NSP4, NSP5 and NSP6). The RVAs can be classified based on two classification systems. In the first classification system, two outer layer proteins (VP7 and VP4) are used to determine the genotype by G and [P]. There are 35G (G1-G35) and 50P (P[1]-P[50])

In June–September 2021, we investigated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in domestic dogs and cats (n = 225) in Bangkok and the vicinities, Thailand. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in a dog and a cat from COVID-19 positive households. Whole genome sequence analysis identified SARS-CoV-2 delta variant of concern (B.1.617.2). Phylogenetic analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 isolated from dog and cat were grouped into sublineage AY.30 and AY.85, respectively. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 could be detected in both dog (day 9) and cat (day 14) after viral RNA detection. This study raises awareness on spill-over of variant of concern in domestic animals due to human-animal interface. Thus, surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic pets should be routinely conducted.

Background Canine Kobuvirus (CaKoV) has been detected both in healthy and diarrheic dogs and in asymptomatic wild carnivores. In this study, we conducted a survey of CaKoV at small animal hospitals in Bangkok and vicinity of Thailand during September 2016 to September 2018. Results Three hundred and seven rectal swab samples were collected from healthy dogs ( n = 55) and dogs with gastroenteritis symptoms ( n = 252). Of 307 swab samples tested by using one-step RT-PCR specific to 3D gene, we found CaKoV positivity at 17.59% (54/307). CaKoVs could be detected in both sick (19.44%) and healthy (9.09%) animals. In relation to age group, CaKoV could be frequently detected in younger dogs (25.45%). Our result showed no seasonal pattern of CaKoV infection in domestic dogs. In this study, we characterized CaKoVs by whole genome sequencing ( n = 4) or 3D and VP1 gene sequencing ( n = 8). Genetic and phylogenetic analyses showed that whole genomes of Thai CaKoVs were closely related to Chinese CaKoVs with highest 99.5% amino acid identity suggesting possible origin of CaKoVs in Thailand. Conclusions In conclusion, this study was the first to report the detection and genetic characteristics of CaKoVs in domestic dogs in Thailand. CaKoVs could be detected in both sick and healthy dogs. The virus is frequently detected in younger dogs. Thai CaKoVs were genetically closely related and grouped with Chinese CaKoVs. Our result raises the concerns to vet practitioners that diarrhea in dogs due to canine Kobuvirus infection should not be ignored. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1994-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Summary A cross‐sectional survey of SARS‐CoV‐2 in domestic dogs and cats was conducted in high‐risk areas, five subdistricts of Samut Sakhon Province, the epicenter of the second wave of the COVID‐19 outbreak in Thailand in February 2021. A total of 523 swab samples (nasal, oral, and rectal swabs) and 159 serum samples from dogs (n = 83) and cats (n = 93) were collected and tested for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA and antibodies. All swab samples tested negative for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA by real‐time RT‐PCR with three panels of specific primers and probes. Although all dogs and cats were negative for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA, 3.14% (5/159) had anti‐N‐IgG antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 by indirect multispecies ELISA. Our results demonstrated SARS‐CoV‐2 exposure in domestic animals living in high‐risk areas during the second wave of the COVID‐19 outbreak in Thailand. Thus, the use of one health approach for monitoring SARS‐CoV‐2 in domestic animals in high‐risk areas of COVID‐19 outbreaks should be routinely conducted and will provide benefits to risk communications in communities.

Parainfluenza virus type 5 (PIV-5) causes respiratory infection in several animal species and humans. Canine parainfluenza virus type 5 (CPIV-5) causes respiratory disease in domestic dogs worldwide. In this study, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of CPIV-5 in dogs with respiratory symptoms from small animal hospitals in Thailand from November 2015 to December 2018. Our results showed that 32 out of 571 nasal swab samples (5.6%) were positive for CPIV-5 by RT-PCR specific to the NP gene. To characterize the viruses, three representative CPIV-5 were subjected to whole genome sequencing, and an additional ten CPIV-5 were subjected to HN, F, SH and V/P gene sequencing. Pairwise sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed that Thai CPIV-5 was closely related to the CPIV-5 isolated from China and Korea. In conclusion, this study constitutes a whole genome characterization of CPIV-5 from dogs in Thailand. The surveillance of CPIV-5 should be further investigated at a larger scale to determine the dynamics, distribution and potential zoonotic transmission of CPIV-5.