Overdose of atropine usually leads to heart failure and death and has long been used as a method of murder. We propose a simple electrochemical approach for atropine sensing using an electrode modified with nafion/polycarboxylate functionalized graphene nanoflakes (Nf/p-GNF/E). The polycarboxylate functionalized graphene nanoflakes were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, and electrochemical techniques. The electrochemical behavior and determination of atropine at the Nf/p-GNF/E were examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry (AdASV). The amount of Nf/p-GNF drop-cast on the electrode, accumulation potential and time, and pH buffer were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the modified electrode showed excellent electrochemical oxidation of atropine with a linear range from 6.0 × 10−6 to 1.0 × 10−4 mol L−1 and a detection limit of 1.9 × 10−6 mol L−1. The proposed sensor exhibited excellent repeatability (RSD < 2.8%), reproducibility (RSD < 2.7%), and good resistance to interference from glucose, fructose, dopamine, uric acid, and ascorbic acid. The sensor was applied to determine atropine in urine samples and the results were in good agreement with results from the spectrophotometric analysis.
Formalin is illegally used as an antibacterial and a preservative in seafood products. It is extremely important for public health reasons to be able to simply, rapidly, and accurately detect formalin in fresh seafood. In this work, we developed a flow injection amperometric (FI-Amp) formalin sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with a composite of palladium particles and carbon microspheres (PdPs-CMs/GCE). The CMs were decorated with PdPs via an electroless deposition method. The surface morphology of the CMs and the PdPs-CMs composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). The electrochemical behavior and measurement of formalin at the PdPs-CMs/GCE was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. The modified electrode demonstrated good electrocatalytic performance for the oxidation of formalin. The synthesis method and FI-Amp operating conditions were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the developed sensor showed a linear range of 0.025 to 15.00 mmol L –1 and a detection limit of 8 μmol L –1 . Repeatability (RSD < 4.1%, n = 30), reproducibility (RSD = 0.25%, n = 5), stability (RSD = 3.2%, n = 80), and selectivity were good. The fabricated sensor achieved recoveries of formalin in seafood between 96 ± 1 to 105 ± 3 ( n = 3).
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