Adsorptive Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Atropine in Urine Sample

Abstract

Overdose of atropine usually leads to heart failure and death and has long been used as a method of murder. We propose a simple electrochemical approach for atropine sensing using an electrode modified with nafion/polycarboxylate functionalized graphene nanoflakes (Nf/p-GNF/E). The polycarboxylate functionalized graphene nanoflakes were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, and electrochemical techniques. The electrochemical behavior and determination of atropine at the Nf/p-GNF/E were examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry (AdASV). The amount of Nf/p-GNF drop-cast on the electrode, accumulation potential and time, and pH buffer were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the modified electrode showed excellent electrochemical oxidation of atropine with a linear range from 6.0 × 10−6 to 1.0 × 10−4 mol L−1 and a detection limit of 1.9 × 10−6 mol L−1. The proposed sensor exhibited excellent repeatability (RSD < 2.8%), reproducibility (RSD < 2.7%), and good resistance to interference from glucose, fructose, dopamine, uric acid, and ascorbic acid. The sensor was applied to determine atropine in urine samples and the results were in good agreement with results from the spectrophotometric analysis.

Portable Flow Injection Amperometric Sensor Consisting of Pd Nanochains, Graphene Nanoflakes, and WS2 Nanosheets for Formaldehyde Detection

“…The p-GNF spectrum (Figure 1F(a)) presents an OH stretching band at 3423 cm −1 , symmetric and asymmetric CH 2 stretching vibrations at 2910 and 2868 cm −1 , respectively, a carbonyl group (CO) stretching band at 1741 cm −1 , and a carboxylate group (COO − ) stretching band at 1394 cm −1 . 5,54 This confirmed that the oxygen-containing functional groups from polycarboxylate were present on the surface of the GNFs, which can bond and induce Pd 2+ ions via coordinate covalent bonding. The spectrum of PdNC−GNF (Figure 1F(b)) shows clearly that the OH stretching band and the carbonyl group (CO) stretching band are significantly reduced and slightly shifted and that the carboxyl group (COOH) stretching band is no longer present.…”

“…Formaldehyde (FA) is a carcinogenic substance widely and illegally used in many Asian countries to maintain the freshness and prolong the storage time of foodstuffs. It has been found in small amounts in raw foods such as fish, meat, milk, fruits, mushrooms, and vegetables. − FA has been linked to severe neurological, respiratory, and digestive issues, − and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined the safe daily intake of FA to be 0.2 mg kg –1 body weight . Given the dangers of FA, it is critical to develop an accurate, rapid, and reliable method of detecting it in food samples.…”

“…Their synergistic effects produce a better performance than that of pure nanosized Pd. Among the carbon-based supporting materials used to support electrocatalysts, graphene nanoflakes (GNFs), which are fragments, or molecular subunits, of 2D graphene, combine a large surface area with excellent thermal and electrical conductivity and good mechanical strength. , GNFs have been used as a supporting material for nanometals in electrochemical sensor applications , but the use of GNFs to directly support nanometals has usually suffered from aggregation and poor dispersion of the metal nanoparticles on the GNF substrate. These drawbacks are caused by weak interactions between the two materials, and the resulting nanocomposites can suffer from poor electrocatalytic activity and low stability.…”

Atropine-Phosphotungestate Polymeric-Based Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Potentiometric Detection in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

“…A standard stock solution of atropine (1.0 × 10 −2 mol L −1 ) was prepared in deionized water and different working samples were prepared by serial dilution. Low-cost equipment, on the other hand, is utilized to test atropine including spectrophotometry [59], luminescence [60], electrochemiluminescence sensors [61], biosensor [62], voltammetry [63], and potentiometry [64]. These approaches, on the other hand, necessitate more time-consuming manipulation and costly chemicals.…”

Electrochemical Sensor for Methamphetamine Detection Using Laser-Induced Porous Graphene Electrode

“…The development of electrochemical sensors has been promoted by the extensive use of carbonaceous nanostructured materials [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Graphene is known for its high surface area, rapid electron mobility, excellent conductivity, and mechanical stability [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”