In this paper chitosan was produced from chitin synthesis from inexpensive bio-waste (snail shell). This is a chemical process in which the chitin was produced through demineralization, deproteinization and decolorization while the chitosan obtained from chitin was by deacetylation. The physiochemical and functional properties such as nitrogen, moisture content, ash, degree of deacetylation, viscosity of the snail shell chitosan was considered. The product is characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The degree of deacetylation (DD) is one of the main characterizing parameters of the chitosan. FTIR spectroscopy was used to calculate the degree of DD of chitosan. Chitosan with a high degree of deacetylation (76.7%) was obtained by deacetylation with 50% NaOH for 2 hrs at 85°C.SEM analysis shows the micro pores and microstructures of the sample. This is importance because the more the micro pores available in a sample, the better the adsorption capacity of that sample. The result of Energy Dispersive X- ray Spectroscopy (EDS) shows the elements Oxygen, Carbon, Magnesium, Calcium and phosphorus are present in the chitosan produced. The chitosan produced confirms the production of quality chitosan of low-cost adsorbent from the biowaste snail shell.
This study investigates the effect of concentration of different ratio of the leaves extracts Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and Banana stem (Musa Acuminata) on corrosion of mild steel in acidic medium using weight loss method at different temperatures (303 K to 323 K) to determine the inhibitory potentials of the extracts. The FTIR and SEM were used to determine the functional groups and morphology of the mild steel respectively during the experiment. The results showed that the inhibition efficiency (IE) increased with an increase in the concentration of the inhibitor (0.1 g/l to 0.5 g/l) but decreased with an increase in temperature (303 K to 323 K) for all the ratios of bitter leaf and banana stem extracts used. The results also showed that the inhibition efficiency increases with an increase in the concentration and shows maximum inhibition efficiency of (80.85%) at optimum concentration (0.5 g/L) The Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) spectra of the mild steel showed that the composition of Carbon and Oxygen increased by 4% and 24.31%, respectively. The increase might probably be attributed to the presence of (CH2) in CH2OH group. The presence of cavities and pits in the Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) images of mild steel showed the damages on the mild steel by corrosion medium. The corrosion rate of mild steel in 1M HCl decreased with an increase in the concentration of the extracts for the different concentrations of extracts used, 100% bitter leaf extract (BLE) has the highest corrosion inhibitory efficiency; this was closely followed by 1:4 blends of bitter leaf extract (BLE) and banana extract (BNE). 100 % BNE extract has the lowest inhibitory efficiency for the different ratios of extracts concentration used. Bitter leaves extracts have better inhibitory efficiency than Banana stem extracts.
The need for efficient energy use in refinery operations is the proffered solution to the poor management of energy resources which has resulted in the instability in oil products prices, irregular plant shutdowns experienced in refineries of developing countries and increased carbon emission to the atmosphere. This research work aims to carry out exergy analysis on major energy consuming units which will aid in determining sites and causes of primary energy losses and proffer solutions to maximizing energy utilization. The Naphtha Hydro-treating (NHT) unit of the case model refinery was successfully simulated using Aspen Hysys. The analysis revealed more than half (51.9 %) of the input exergy was lost to the environment and an irreversibility of 32.7% occurred in the Stripper column. Comparison was also made with the same unit at Kaduna refinery and petrochemical plant and the results showed a conversion efficiency of about 91.28% when compared to 44.35% from the old refinery though this could be attributed to factors like age of plant, inadequate maintenance etc. The positive value of the amount of heat recovered from that of the flue gas in the boiler and furnace gave an opportunity to recover the energy lost and integrated back to the system for economic viability of the plant which result in a payback period that is less than a year.
This study investigates the effect of concentration of different ratio of the leaves extracts Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and Banana stem (Musa Acuminata) on corrosion of mild steel in acidic medium using weight loss method at different temperatures (303 K to 323 K) to determine the inhibitory potentials of the extracts. The FTIR and SEM were used to determine the functional groups and morphology of the mild steel respectively during the experiment. The results showed that the inhibition efficiency (IE) increased with an increase in the concentration of the inhibitor (0.1 g/l to 0.5 g/l) but decreased with an increase in temperature (303 K to 323 K) for all the ratios of bitter leaf and banana stem extracts used. The results also showed that the inhibition efficiency increases with an increase in the concentration and shows maximum inhibition efficiency of (80.85%) at optimum concentration (0.5 g/L) The Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) spectra of the mild steel showed that the composition of Carbon and Oxygen increased by 4% and 24.31%, respectively. The increase might probably be attributed to the presence of (CH2) in CH2OH group. The presence of cavities and pits in the Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) images of mild steel showed the damages on the mild steel by corrosion medium. The corrosion rate of mild steel in 1M HCl decreased with an increase in the concentration of the extracts for the different concentrations of extracts used, 100% bitter leaf extract (BLE) has the highest corrosion inhibitory efficiency; this was closely followed by 1:4 blends of bitter leaf extract (BLE) and banana extract (BNE). 100 % BNE extract has the lowest inhibitory efficiency for the different ratios of extracts concentration used. Bitter leaves extracts have better inhibitory efficiency than Banana stem extracts.
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