In this paper chitosan was produced from chitin synthesis from inexpensive bio-waste (snail shell). This is a chemical process in which the chitin was produced through demineralization, deproteinization and decolorization while the chitosan obtained from chitin was by deacetylation. The physiochemical and functional properties such as nitrogen, moisture content, ash, degree of deacetylation, viscosity of the snail shell chitosan was considered. The product is characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The degree of deacetylation (DD) is one of the main characterizing parameters of the chitosan. FTIR spectroscopy was used to calculate the degree of DD of chitosan. Chitosan with a high degree of deacetylation (76.7%) was obtained by deacetylation with 50% NaOH for 2 hrs at 85°C.SEM analysis shows the micro pores and microstructures of the sample. This is importance because the more the micro pores available in a sample, the better the adsorption capacity of that sample. The result of Energy Dispersive X- ray Spectroscopy (EDS) shows the elements Oxygen, Carbon, Magnesium, Calcium and phosphorus are present in the chitosan produced. The chitosan produced confirms the production of quality chitosan of low-cost adsorbent from the biowaste snail shell.

This study investigates the effect of concentration of different ratio of the leaves extracts Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and Banana stem (Musa Acuminata) on corrosion of mild steel in acidic medium using weight loss method at different temperatures (303 K to 323 K) to determine the inhibitory potentials of the extracts. The FTIR and SEM were used to determine the functional groups and morphology of the mild steel respectively during the experiment. The results showed that the inhibition efficiency (IE) increased with an increase in the concentration of the inhibitor (0.1 g/l to 0.5 g/l) but decreased with an increase in temperature (303 K to 323 K) for all the ratios of bitter leaf and banana stem extracts used. The results also showed that the inhibition efficiency increases with an increase in the concentration and shows maximum inhibition efficiency of (80.85%) at optimum concentration (0.5 g/L) The Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) spectra of the mild steel showed that the composition of Carbon and Oxygen increased by 4% and 24.31%, respectively. The increase might probably be attributed to the presence of (CH2) in CH2OH group. The presence of cavities and pits in the Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) images of mild steel showed the damages on the mild steel by corrosion medium. The corrosion rate of mild steel in 1M HCl decreased with an increase in the concentration of the extracts for the different concentrations of extracts used, 100% bitter leaf extract (BLE) has the highest corrosion inhibitory efficiency; this was closely followed by 1:4 blends of bitter leaf extract (BLE) and banana extract (BNE). 100 % BNE extract has the lowest inhibitory efficiency for the different ratios of extracts concentration used. Bitter leaves extracts have better inhibitory efficiency than Banana stem extracts.

The need to develop more efficient adsorbent, comparable to commercially available adsorbent, is attracting significant interest as promising adsorbent for waste water treatment. In this study, the potential of activated carbon prepared from waste coconut shell (CSAC) for the removal of methylene blue (Mb) from aqueous solution was reported. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the adsorption isotherm and kinetics of Mb on CSAC. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models were employed to fit and analyze the adsorption equilibrium data. The result shows Langmuir isotherm model gave the best fit and an adsorption capacity of 320.5 mg/g was obtained for Mb at pH value of 7, 0.02 g adsorbent dosage and contact time of 4.5 hour. The experimental kinetic data at different initial Mb concentrations was also analyzed with pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models. The obtained results showed that the pseudo-second order model fits the adsorption kinetic data with R2 range of0.9985-0.9996. Finally, the thermodynamic parameters show that the adsorption of Mb on CSAC was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. This therefore suggests that (CSAC) is a viable adsorbent for effective removal of dye from wastewater effluent. Keywords: Activated carbon, Adsorption isotherms, Coconut shells, Methylene blue, kinetics.

This study investigates the effect of concentration of different ratio of the leaves extracts Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and Banana stem (Musa Acuminata) on corrosion of mild steel in acidic medium using weight loss method at different temperatures (303 K to 323 K) to determine the inhibitory potentials of the extracts. The FTIR and SEM were used to determine the functional groups and morphology of the mild steel respectively during the experiment. The results showed that the inhibition efficiency (IE) increased with an increase in the concentration of the inhibitor (0.1 g/l to 0.5 g/l) but decreased with an increase in temperature (303 K to 323 K) for all the ratios of bitter leaf and banana stem extracts used. The results also showed that the inhibition efficiency increases with an increase in the concentration and shows maximum inhibition efficiency of (80.85%) at optimum concentration (0.5 g/L) The Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) spectra of the mild steel showed that the composition of Carbon and Oxygen increased by 4% and 24.31%, respectively. The increase might probably be attributed to the presence of (CH2) in CH2OH group. The presence of cavities and pits in the Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) images of mild steel showed the damages on the mild steel by corrosion medium. The corrosion rate of mild steel in 1M HCl decreased with an increase in the concentration of the extracts for the different concentrations of extracts used, 100% bitter leaf extract (BLE) has the highest corrosion inhibitory efficiency; this was closely followed by 1:4 blends of bitter leaf extract (BLE) and banana extract (BNE). 100 % BNE extract has the lowest inhibitory efficiency for the different ratios of extracts concentration used. Bitter leaves extracts have better inhibitory efficiency than Banana stem extracts.