The flow experience (i.e., challenge-skill balance, action-awareness merging, clear goals, unambiguous feedback, concentration, sense of control, loss of self-consciousness, transformation of time, and autotelic experience) is an experience highly related to the learning experience. One of the current challenges is to identify whether students are managing to achieve this experience in educational systems. The methods currently used to identify students’ flow experience are based on self-reports or equipment (e.g., eye trackers or electroencephalograms). The main problem with these methods is the high cost of the equipment and the impossibility of applying them massively. To address this challenge, we used behavior data logs produced by students during the use of a gamified educational system to predict the students’ flow experience. Through a data-driven study (N = 23) using structural equation modeling, we identified possibilities to predict the students’ flow experience through the speed of students’ actions. With this initial study, we advance the literature, especially contributing to the field of student experience analysis, by bringing insights showing how to step towards automatic students’ flow experience identification in gamified educational systems.
In order to improve students' learning outcomes, researchers and practitioners have increasingly applied gamification in technology-enhanced learning environments. However, some studies in the literature have reported unexpected negative results with that. To avoid these unexpected outcomes in gamified learning systems, we proposed the ``gamification analytics model for teachers" in a previous study. This model allows teachers to monitor and adapt the gamification design in the run-time of the teaching-learning process. In this paper, we present the results obtained in an empirical study to assess teachers' perception and acceptance regarding the GamAnalytics tool, a tool developed based on our proposed model that allows teachers to monitor students' interaction with learning resources and game elements and adapt tailored missions for students in gamified educational systems. The results indicate that the teachers have significantly good behavioral intention to use our tool and good perception of its usefulness and ease of use. The teachers also indicated enjoyment, relevance, and self-efficacy, and that the tool does not cause anxiety.
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