Introduction: Mental health decline is one of the main responsible factors for augments in health care costs, and diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Some studies stated physical exercise is useful for reduction in cognitive decline and AD. Moreover, a recent review argued that evidence are scarce due to few studies published and lack of configuration information of exercise protocol, such as intensity and duration of exercise, number of sessions and other relevant data, to allow appropriate assessment.Materials and Methods:Here, we discussed the possible confounders or factors responsible for these differences and possible neurophysiological mechanisms.Results:Most studies revealed a possible positive association between physical exercise and cognitive assessments. There are inconsistencies in studies design responsible for varying use of cognitive assessments and different assessments of fitness. However, these studies do not fail to provide evidence about the benefits of exercise, but fail to make it possible because of the lack of dose-response information in AD patients. Physical exercise of moderate intensity should be considered as standard recommendation to reduce cognitive decline, probably due to the improvement in neurodegenerative mechanisms, and the increase in neuroplastic and neuroprotective neurotrophic factors.Conclusion: Therefore, it is suggested that physical exercise is an important neuroprotective modulator, bringing significant control of the disease and amplifying brain functions.
Organic farming techniques gained popularity recently. Despite this increasing demand, there are still many problems, when comparing nutrient sources in organic and conventional farming systems. The study had as objective to evaluate the development of blueberry plants cultivar ‘Climax’ under protected cultivation in a substrate with different proportions of organic material and doses of applied mineral N. The blueberry nursery plants ‘Climax’ were transplanted into plastic pots and kept under protected cultivation. The soil and sand proportions were 40 and 20%, respectively, of the volume capacity of each pot. The remaining 40% were filled with organic material (bovine manure) and sawdust in the proportions of 5 and 35% (S1), 20 and 20% (S2) or 35 and 5% (S3), respectively. The experimental design was in complete randomized blocks, and the treatments were distributed in a 3x3 factorial arrangement, with six replications. The first factor was the different formulations of substrates. The second factor was N fertilization at 0, 10, and 15 g N plant-1. Evaluations of canopy volume, total leaf area, chlorophyll content and gas exchanges were performed six and eighteen months after transplanting. Fruits were harvested according to their ripening. Higher proportions of organic material in the substrate showed a substantial increase on estimated leaf area, canopy volume, chlorophyll content and clear efficiency of carboxylation (A/Ci), especially in plants that was not fertilized with mineral N. The highest yield was reported for the substrate S2, with intermediary amount of organic material, without the application of mineral N fertilizer. Considering agronomic and physiological traits, blueberry plants on the substrate S2 (20% OM) showed the best results, without mineral N fertilizing, becoming viable the organic management system for potted ‘Climax’ blueberry plants under protected cultivation.
RESUMO
O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o menor período de fumigação necessário para promover a mortalidade total de insetos adultos do gêneroA pós-colheita de grãos é um processo dinâmico que demanda conhecimentos específicos, tecnologia especializada e cuidados constantes. Entre esses cuidados, está a preocupação com a infestação causada por insetos pragas de produtos armazenados (LIMA JÚNIOR et al., 2012). Dentre os insetos pragas que atacam os grãos armazenados, os carunchos podem ser considerados os mais importantes, sendo os insetos do gênero Sitophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) os mais conhecidos (STRELEC et al., 2012).Segundo o decreto n o 24.114 do Ministério da Agricultura (BRASIL, 1934), são proibidos, em todo o território nacional, "[...] a importação, o comércio, o trânsito e a exportação: b) de insetos vivos, ácaros, nematoides e outros parasitos nocivos às plantas, em qualquer fase de evolução".
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