BackgroundA new look at the topography of the lumbar triangle becomes a challenge for modern anesthesia. The aim of this study was to redefine the topography of the lumbar triangle for transverse abdominis plane block.Material/MethodsWe explored 74 lumbar regions in 37 preserved cadavers (17 F and 20 M).ResultsThe lumbar triangle was identified in 66 (89%) out of all explored cadavers’ lumbar regions. The predominant triangle was the acute-angled shaped. It was identified in 39 (59%) out of all explored lumbar regions. The second type of dissected triangles had the obtuse-angled shaped. Most triangles of acute-angled shaped and obtuse-angled shaped (36) had medium surface (range from 3 cm2 to 6 cm2), which accounted for 55% of all dissected lumbar triangles. The mean surface of the lumbar triangle was 3.6±2.2 cm2. Based on other measurements, we demonstrated that the majority of the lumbar triangles (62 triangles) were beyond the posterior axillary line.ConclusionsAccording to the obtained results, the randomized searching for lumbar triangle should be limited to the area situated beyond of the posterior axillary line. The region situated anteriorly to the midaxillary line was defined in the study as the critical area for finding the lumbar triangle. Outcomes from the study revealed that the size and the location of the lumbar triangle as the gate for the transverse abdominal plane block may be responsible for difficulties encountered by anesthetists. Thus, establishing the area with the highest probability of localization of the lumbar triangle can improve both safety and efficiency of transversus abdominis plane block.
In medicine spectacular progress can be observed at many stages, which sometimes requires the redefinition of already known anatomical structures. One of them is the transverse abdominal plane, which was the focus of anaesthetists. It was observed that anaesthetics introduced locally into this plane have similar power to a traditional epidural procedure or spinal anaesthesia. The concept of the transverse abdominal plane is a relatively new anatomical term which was introduced into clinical medicine by anaesthetists. Because of the potential performance of anaesthetic procedures through access to the transverse abdominal plane, there has been a growing interest not only expressed by anaesthetists, but also anatomists who wish to explore new anatomical aspects of this plane. It is generally believed that anatomical studies will provide more information on this plane, which can contribute to a wider spread of this procedure among anaesthetists.
Chronic pain has become dominant problem in recent years affecting not only patient quality of life but having economic impact and heavy burden on the health systems. The first line in pain management would be patient education, physical rehabilitation and pharmacotherapy. Unfortunately aforementioned treatment often appears incomplete and specialised, targeted pain interventions are warranted. With significant progress in pain medicine, the number of available and effective interventional procedures and techniques have increased. In this manuscript authors have carried out an up to date review of modern interventional techniques with emphasize of anatomy, level of advancement and complexity. Authors classified procedures according to anatomical location: head and neck, spine, upper and lower limb, trunk as well as pathophysiology: interventions in neuropathic pain, cancer pain including neuromodulation techniques. Whenever possible authors relied on evidence based medicine (EBM) but with emphasize of its limitation, especially in assessment of pain relief which remains patient subjective experience. In summary, reimbursement of up to date pain procedures, in the outpatient and hospital setting has been shown. It hopefully guide pain specialists to choose the right intervention and facilitate renumeration within NFZ fee schedule.
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