Three Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria, BA1T, Q614T and PB68.1T, isolated from the digestive system of Heterorhabditis entomopathogenic nematodes, were biochemically and molecularly characterized to clarify their taxonomic affiliations. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of these strains suggest that they belong to the Gammaproteobacteria, to the family Morganellacea, and to the genus
Photorhabdus
. Deeper analyses using whole genome-based phylogenetic reconstructions suggest that BA1T is closely related to Photorhabdus akhursti, that Q614T is closely related to Photorhabdus heterorhabditis, and that PB68.1T is closely related to Photorhabdus australis. In silico genomic comparisons confirm these observations: BA1T and P. akhursti 15138T share 68.8 % digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH), Q614T and
P. heterorhabditis
SF41T share 75.4 % dDDH, and PB68.1T and
P. australis
DSM 17609T share 76.6 % dDDH. Physiological and biochemical characterizations reveal that these three strains also differ from all validly described
Photorhabdus
species and from their more closely related taxa, contrary to what was previously suggested. We therefore propose to classify BA1T as a new species within the genus
Photorhabdus
, Q614T as a new subspecies within P. heterorhabditis, and PB68.1T as a new subspecies within
P. australis
. Hence, the following names are proposed for these strains: Photorhabdus aegyptia sp. nov. with the type strain BA1T(=DSM 111180T=CCOS 1943T=LMG 31957T),
Photorhabdus heterorhabditis
subsp. aluminescens subsp. nov. with the type strain Q614T (=DSM 111144T=CCOS 1944T=LMG 31959T) and
Photorhabdus australis
subsp. thailandensis subsp. nov. with the type strain PB68.1T (=DSM 111145T=CCOS 1942T). These propositions automatically create
Photorhabdus heterorhabditis
subsp. heterorhabditis subsp. nov. with SF41T as the type strain (currently classified as
P. heterorhabditis
) and
Photorhabdus australis
subsp. australis subsp. nov. with DSM17609T as the type strain (currently classified as
P. australis
).
Background: Maize is one of the important cereal food crops in the world. High temperature stress causes adverse influence on plant growth. When plants are exposed to high temperatures, they produce heat shock proteins (HSPs), which may impart a generalized role in tolerance to heat stress. Proteome analysis was performed in plant to assess the changes in protein types and their expression levels under abiotic stress. The purpose of the study is to explore which proteins are involved in the response of the maize plant to heat shock treatment.
Results:We investigated the responses of abundant proteins of maize leaves, in an Egyptian inbred line of maize "K1", upon heat stress through two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) on samples of maize leaf proteome. 2-DE technique was used to recognize heat-responsive protein spots using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) and silver staining. In 2-D analysis of proteins from plants treated at 45°C for 2 h, the results manifested 59 protein spots (4.3%) which were reproducibly detected as new spots where did not present in the control. In 2D for treated plants for 4 h, 104 protein spots (7.7%) were expressed only under heat stress. Quantification of spot intensities derived from heat treatment showed that twenty protein spots revealed clear differences between the control and the two heat treatments. Nine spots appeared with more intensity after heat treatments than the control, while four spots appeared only after heat treatments. Five spots were clearly induced after heat treatment either at 2 h or 4 h and were chosen for more analysis by LC-MSMS. They were identified as ATPase beta subunit, HSP26, HSP16.9, and unknown HSP/Chaperonin.
Conclusion:The results revealed that the expressive level of the four heat shock proteins that were detected in this study plays important roles to avoid heat stress in maize plants.
The present study was carried out to find the best treatments for enhancing the ration of insertion of a desired gene construct (pEGFP-N1) onto the sperm of buffalo as the first step for the production of transgenic buffalo using sperm mediated gene transfer (SMGT). The tested conditions were plasmid DNA concentration, sperm concentration, transfecting agent concentration: Dimethyle sulphoxide (DMSO) and time of transfection. The study proved that the best conditions for producing transgenic embryos were incubation sperm solution its concentration is 107/ml sperm with 3% DMSO: with 20 µg/ml from the linarized DNA, for 15 min at 4 °C are the best conditions to produce transgenic buffalo embryo using sperm mediated gene transfer.
Photorhabdus luminescens strain BA1 is an entomopathogenic bacterium that forms a symbiotic association with Heterorhabditis nematodes. We report here a 5.0-Mbp draft genome sequence for P. luminscens strain BA1, with a G+C content of 42.46% and 4,250 candidate protein-coding genes.
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