Photorhabdus heterorhabditis subsp. aluminescens subsp. nov., Photorhabdus heterorhabditis subsp. heterorhabditis subsp. nov., Photorhabdus australis subsp. thailandensis subsp. nov., Photorhabdus australis subsp. australis subsp. nov., and Photorhabdus aegyptia sp. nov. isolated from Heterorhabditis entomopathogenic nematodes

Abstract

Three Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria, BA1T, Q614T and PB68.1T, isolated from the digestive system of Heterorhabditis entomopathogenic nematodes, were biochemically and molecularly characterized to clarify their taxonomic affiliations. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of these strains suggest that they belong to the Gammaproteobacteria, to the family Morganellacea, and to the genus Photorhabdus . Deeper analyses using whole genome-based phylogenetic reconstructions suggest that BA1T is closely related to Photorhabdus akhursti, that Q614T is closely related to Photorhabdus heterorhabditis, and that PB68.1T is closely related to Photorhabdus australis. In silico genomic comparisons confirm these observations: BA1T and P. akhursti 15138T share 68.8 % digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH), Q614T and P. heterorhabditis SF41T share 75.4 % dDDH, and PB68.1T and P. australis DSM 17609T share 76.6 % dDDH. Physiological and biochemical characterizations reveal that these three strains also differ from all validly described Photorhabdus species and from their more closely related taxa, contrary to what was previously suggested. We therefore propose to classify BA1T as a new species within the genus Photorhabdus , Q614T as a new subspecies within P. heterorhabditis, and PB68.1T as a new subspecies within P. australis . Hence, the following names are proposed for these strains: Photorhabdus aegyptia sp. nov. with the type strain BA1T(=DSM 111180T=CCOS 1943T=LMG 31957T), Photorhabdus heterorhabditis subsp. aluminescens subsp. nov. with the type strain Q614T (=DSM 111144T=CCOS 1944T=LMG 31959T) and Photorhabdus australis subsp. thailandensis subsp. nov. with the type strain PB68.1T (=DSM 111145T=CCOS 1942T). These propositions automatically create Photorhabdus heterorhabditis subsp. heterorhabditis subsp. nov. with SF41T as the type strain (currently classified as P. heterorhabditis ) and Photorhabdus australis subsp. australis subsp. nov. with DSM17609T as the type strain (currently classified as P. australis ).

Photorhabdus spp.: An Overview of the Beneficial Aspects of Mutualistic Bacteria of Insecticidal Nematodes

“…The number of Photorhabdus species has recently doubled, from four [ 12 ] to twenty [ 13 ]. An updated list of Photorhabdus , comprising the valid species/subspecies, is presented ( Table 1 ).…”

“…Therefore, complete genome-constructed phylogenetic trees, along with accurate sequence comparative investigations, could correctly determine their relationship and diversity. This identification could also contribute to additional investigations of the relevant Photorhabdus spp.-bioactive compounds that can be applied in industrial and agricultural products [ 2 , 13 , 17 ].…”

“…Thailandensis subsp. australis H. gerrardi , H. indica [ 13 , 19 , 20 ] P. bodei H. beicherriana [ 19 ] P. caribbeanensis H. bacteriophora [ 19 , 21 ] P. cinerea H. downesi , H. megidis, H. bacteriophora [ 19 , 22 ] P. hainanensis undescribed species [ 19 , 21 ] P. heterorhabditis subsp. Aluminescens subsp.…”

“…Aluminescens subsp. heterorhabditis H. zealandica [ 13 , 23 ] P. kayaii H. bacteriophora [ 19 , 24 ] P. khanii H. bacteriophora [ 19 , 21 ] subsp. guanajuatensis H. atacamensis [ 25 ] P. kleinii H. georgiana , H. bacteriophora [ 19 , 26 ] P. laumondii subsp.…”

“…mexicana H. mexicana [ 25 ] P. namnaonensis H. baujardi [ 19 , 30 ] P. noenieputensis H. indica , Heterorhabditis sp. [ 19 , 31 ] P. stackebrandtii H. bacteriophora , H. georgiana [ 19 , 32 ] P. tasmanensis H. zealandica , H. marelatus [ 19 , 21 ] P. temperata H. megidis , H. downesi, H. zealandica [ 18 , 19 ] P. thracensis H. bacteriophora [ 19 , 21 , 24 ] P. aegyptia H. indica [ 13 ] …”