This article presents a holistic and integrated framework for blockchain deployment in global Agro-food ‘supply’ chains and how to transition them to accountable and sustainable global ‘value’ chains. Though many a scholarly contributions have assessed blockchain implementation at various levels in the chain, this research holistically looks at impediments to blockchain implementation at each level in the value chain. The study first establishes interlinkages between the three United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), namely food for all (SDG 2), health for all (SDG 3), and sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12). It assesses the legal framework (namely trade law) and regulatory requirements therein. It then employs a case-study-based approach to assess blockchain deployment from the lens of operations management. These inter-disciplinary insights offer an enabling framework to successfully implement a vertically-integrated blockchain across the entire global Agro-food value chain. An end-to-end blockchain promises accountability, and thereby, enhanced trust in trade by offering a time-stamped ledger of transactions from the farm to the fork, to the end consumer. This systematic study, and its findings therein, are expected to serve as a ready reference guide to managers and policymakers for a truly integrated farm-to-fork blockchain deployment.
Effect of temperature and media was studied on seed germination of Prinsepia utilis Royle (bhekal). Germination tests were conducted at four different temperatures viz. 5±1 o C, 15±1 o C, 25±1 o C and ambient room temperature with three germination media viz. top of germination paper (TP), between of paper (BP) and quartz sterilized sand at 90±5% relative humidity in a seed germinator for 21 days. Media and Temperature significantly affected seed traits. Seeds germinated well over wide range of temperature 15±1 o C, to ambient room. Significantly, higher germination percentage, germination value (GV) and minimum mean germination time (MGT) were obtained at 25±1 o C. lower than 25±1 o C and higher temperature (ambient room temperature) had adverse effect on germination of bhekal seeds. Among media, between paper (BP) was found the best in which maximum germination percentage, minimum MGT and maximum GV was recorded. Sand media was found inferior as compared to between and top of paper. Seed germination was unaffected with light.
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are self-managing network which consists of distributed nodes that communicate with each other through wireless links with no fixed infrastructure and no centralized control. Due to selfconfiguring and dynamic nature of these networks routing protocol are susceptible to various types of attacks. The black hole attack is one of the noticeable security threats in MANETs. In Black hole attack the packet is redirected to a node that actually does not exist in the network. This paper, presents an approach to overcome black hole in MANETs. In proposed work nodes validate each other by issuing security certificate in digital form to all the other nodes in the network. The proposed method is to be adapted on Location Aided Routing Protocol with Dynamic Adaptation of Request Zone (LARDAR) protocol. This method is capable of detecting and removing black hole nodes in the MANETs. In addition information about angle Θ is kept on route request packet to select optimal path for secure transmission of data packets.
The emergence of multi-sided platforms, connected devices and Internet of Things (IoT) has turned us into a valuable information asset, whereby data about our tastes and preferences as a consumer can be ‘commoditised’. Even though ‘data’ is the key to competition, and thereby ensures competitiveness across markets – as diverse from retail to healthcare, from taxi rides to air travel, thanks to the uberisation of the economy – this valuable reservoir of information is controlled by a handful of Information Technology (IT) firms. Remarkably noteworthy is the fact that a significant proportion of the growth of these IT companies is not organic; instead, most of their valuable innovations have been acquired inorganically through acquisitions! Against this dynamic backdrop, this paper addresses the following research questions. First, what are the potential suitable tests for the notification of a transaction, and what factors must be taken into consideration for the selection of a particular test over others? Second, how can competition authorities innovate as regards the ‘theory of harm’? In other words, what should be the design and construct of a theory that can effectively capture the novel concerns in big data mergers? Here, the discussion is not just limited to ‘privacy’ as a dimension of competition, but also other areas of concern – such as non-horizontal effects in big data mergers. Finally, the paper very briefly discusses key factors to be taken into consideration for designing effective remedies.
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