Medicinal mushrooms have been used in various treatments from a very long time, among which,
Ganoderma lucidum
is one of the most important medicinal mushroom. It is cultivated worldwide to meet its ever-increasing demand in the market. It is generally cultivated by bed log (Sawdust) and wood log (billet) method. This study was an attempt to observe the growth performance of
G. lucidum
on poplar billets (
Populus deltoides
) in the Sherpur Village (Dehradun) and Manjgaun village (Tehri Garhwal) of Garhwal Himalaya, India. The farmers’ field with empty house/ rooms having proper growing conditions especially humidity and light were used for the cultivation of
G. lucidum
. The
G. lucidum
spawn was inoculated in poplar wood billets and these billets were installed in well prepared soil. The results demonstrated that cropping cycle of
G. lucidum
was shorter (132–136 days) in Sherpur Village (Dehradun) as compared to Manjgaun village (141–145 days) in Tehri Garhwal. Further the results also revealed that yield was decreased in the subsequent flushes. In Village Sherpur, the fruiting bodies of
G. lucidum
were harvested between 64-66 days, 100-101 days and 135-136 days during first, second and third flush after the installation of billets, respectively. However; in village Manjgaun, the fruiting bodies of
G. lucidum
were harvested between 69 and 71 days, 107-108 days and 144-145 days in first, second and third after the installation of billets respectively. Warmer temperature in Village Sherpur resulted in the early emergence and development of the fruiting bodies as compared to village Manjgaun where pinhead and fruiting body development was delayed due to the lower temperature during cropping cycle.
The paper provides information on the life history stages of 12 species of Lepidoptera recorded for the first time feeding on Ban Oak Quercus leucotrichophora in Garhwal Himalaya, supported by images along with their distribution range and host plants recorded across the globe. A comprehensive list of all the Lepidoptera recorded so far feeding on Q. leucotrichophora is also provided.
Aegle marmelos or bael is a tree with enormous therapeutic, religious and ethnobotanical value. It is a highly sacred tree in Hindu religion and is worshipped as an offering to lord Shiva. It is a moderate size tree with the great importance in the rural economy and livelihood. Bael tree leaves are aromatic and the essential oil extracted from its leaves is of medicinal value. Its fruits, leaves, wood and other plant parts are used as edibles, fodder, timber, tannins, dyes and many more purposes. This is a valuable agroforestry tree and the essential oil obtained from its leaves is hardly being utilized. In this study, the essential oil from the leaves of bael tree was extracted and added as an additional income to the farmers along with its fruits, timber, fodder and other domestic usages. The essential oil yield from the leaves of bael tree was obtained by hydro-distillation. A socio-economic survey in the Bisht Village and Kirsali village of district Dehradun, Uttarakhnad was conducted and the existing role of bael tree in rural agroforestry and economy was also assessed. The inclusion of bael tree especially the leaf extract has the potential to make a significant difference in the livelihood in Garhwal Himalaya.
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