The most important rheological parameter for lubricants is viscosity as it also affects the tribological properties like friction between interacting surfaces and wear. This research intends to study the relationship between viscosity and temperature at different shear rates for multiple grades of three different categories of lubricants used for different applications viz. L1: MG20W50 (engine oil), L2: SAE20W50 (engine oil), L3: MC20W50 (mineral engine oil), L4: EP90 (gear oil), and L5: DXTIII (steering fluid). Constant high dynamic viscosity, shear stress, and low compressibility at different temperatures in multigrade as well as single grade industrial oil will help to maintain the surface film over the period of time and hence the reduction in wear. The dynamic viscosity of these chosen samples has been measured experimentally in temperature range of 20 to 50 ∘ C. The measurements have been extended to observe the dependence of shear rate, time, and temperature on the dynamic viscosity. All the samples are observed to behave like Newtonian fluids in the entire temperature range of study. Further, all samples seem to obey the Arrhenius relationship with temperature. Shear stress shows linear variation with shear rate exhibiting uniform viscosity which is substantiated by almost no variation in dynamic viscosity with shear rate for value above 5 per second.

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The present investigation focused on the chemical composition and metabolomics of Cordia myxa fruits and leaves collected from five locations in Himachal Pradesh, India. Both fruits and leaves exhibited a substantial amount of phenolics in the range of 9.65−26.22 mg GAE/g and 5.35−33.28 mg GAE/g, respectively, followed by appreciable flavonoid content. Higher antioxidant activity was detected in Shahpur leaf extract (SLE) (IC 50ABTS 0.27 mg/mL) and Raja ka Talab fruit extract (RFE) (IC 50ABTS 0.21 mg/mL) among different harvesting locations of C. myxa. A higher amount of vanillic acid and rutin was detected in Nagrota Surian fruits extract (NFE) by ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight ion mobility separation (UHPLC-Q-TOF-IMS). However, glycine, alanine, and isoleucine (ile) were also quantified at higher levels. Fruit extracts exhibited a promising amount of ascorbic acid and macroelements and microelements, whereas a total of 44 unknown compounds were identified by ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight ion mobility separation (UHPLC-Q-TOF-IMS) based on a nontargeted approach. This comprehensive metabolomic report brings new insights into metabolite distribution and its possible future implementations in food and nutraceuticals.

Medicinal mushrooms have been used in various treatments from a very long time, among which, Ganoderma lucidum is one of the most important medicinal mushroom. It is cultivated worldwide to meet its ever-increasing demand in the market. It is generally cultivated by bed log (Sawdust) and wood log (billet) method. This study was an attempt to observe the growth performance of G. lucidum on poplar billets ( Populus deltoides ) in the Sherpur Village (Dehradun) and Manjgaun village (Tehri Garhwal) of Garhwal Himalaya, India. The farmers’ field with empty house/ rooms having proper growing conditions especially humidity and light were used for the cultivation of G. lucidum . The G. lucidum spawn was inoculated in poplar wood billets and these billets were installed in well prepared soil. The results demonstrated that cropping cycle of G. lucidum was shorter (132–136 days) in Sherpur Village (Dehradun) as compared to Manjgaun village (141–145 days) in Tehri Garhwal. Further the results also revealed that yield was decreased in the subsequent flushes. In Village Sherpur, the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum were harvested between 64-66 days, 100-101  days and 135-136  days during first, second and third flush after the installation of billets, respectively. However; in village Manjgaun, the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum were harvested between 69 and 71 days, 107-108  days and 144-145 days in first, second and third after the installation of billets respectively. Warmer temperature in Village Sherpur resulted in the early emergence and development of the fruiting bodies as compared to village Manjgaun where pinhead and fruiting body development was delayed due to the lower temperature during cropping cycle.

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