Calretinin (CR) is a calcium binding protein of calmodulin superfamily, a widely used marker for mesothelial differentiation. It is also found to be expressed in breast carcinoma. Breast carcinoma is the leading cause of cancer death in women and despite new approaches and advances, it is still difficult to predict the behaviour of the tumour and its prognosis. So there is a need and struggle to identify new markers for prognosis of breast cancer. The study is aimed at evaluating the frequency of Calretinin expression in breast carcinoma and assessing the characteristics of Calretinin positive tumours. Thirty mastectomy specimen of invasive breast carcinoma were analysed histopathologically and for immunohistochemical expression of ER, PR, HER2/neu and Calretinin. In this study 93.33% (28 cases) were of invasive carcinoma, NST and 6.67% were of other subtypes. Patients less than 40 years of age showed low CR expression and patients over 40 showed high CR expression (p = 0.22). Grade 3 tumours showed high CR, grades 1 and 2 showed low CR expression. Lymph node positive cases showed high CR and lymph node negative cases showed low CR. Tumours less than 5cms in size show low CR expression and those over 5cms showed high CR expression (p = 0.38). Negative ER, PR and HER2/neu showed high CR expression. CR expression was high in 54.5% of basal-like subtype and 66.7% of HER2-enriched.CR expression was low in 50% of luminal cases. High Calretinin expression was seen in grade 3, HER2-enriched and basal-like subtypes of breast cancer which may be of considerable prognostic significance.
Cervical cancer is the third most common female malignancies worldwide with high mortality. Since the introduction of conventional PAP smear (CPS) mortality from cervical cancer has reduced considerably. Evidence shows that alternative method liquid based cytology (LBC) is more sensitive and accurate for the detection of both squamous and glandular lesions of the cervix. Objective: The main objective of this study is to compare conventional PAP smear and liquid based cytology and observe for morphologic features, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study conducted on 240 cases and samples were processed for CPS and LBC. Cytobrush was used for LBC which was suspended and detached in the preservative fluid and processed by manual method. Histopathological correlation was done in 32 cases and HPV DNA testing was done in 76 cases. Results: LBC showed higher specimen adequacy, cellularity, clean background and uniform distribution of cells than CPS. Overall sensitivity of LBC (83.33%) and negative predictive value was more in LBC (92.85%) as compared to CPS. Conclusion: In this study LBC showed improved specimen adequacy, better cytomorphological features and higher detection of epithelial cell abnormality. Thus LBC has higher detection rate of precancerous lesion than CPS.
Aim: Tzanck smear is a simple test that gives reliable information in many varieties of skin lesions and can be used for quick, preliminary diagnosis of a number of cutaneous dermatoses. The aim of this study was to analyse the usefulness of tzanck smears in the diagnosis of cutaneous dermatoses and correlate the findings, clinically as well as histopathologically. Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of all tzanck smears received during the time period of 2 years (January 2016- January 2018), was carried out. The smears were assessed with regard to its correlation to the clinical diagnosis. Corroboration of the tzanck smear findings were also evaluated with respect to the histopathological diagnosis, in cases were skin biopsy was done. Results: A total of 70 tzanck smears were performed during our study period. Out of 29 cases of pemphigus, the tzanck smears corroborated with 22 cases. Non-specific findings were obtained in clinically suspected cases of pemphigoid. Out of 25 suspected herpetic infections, the characteristic tzanck smear findings were observed in 11 of them. Tzanck smear findings correlated with 13 out of the 19 cases of histopathologically confirmed pemphigus lesions. Conclusion: Tzanck smear test is a rapid, inexpensive and useful tool to aid in the diagnosis of clinically suspected vesico bullous, pustular and erosive skin lesions. It also serves as a useful adjunct to histopathological evaluation of skin biopsies, especially immuno-bullous skin disorders.
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