a b s t r a c tFuture generations of power plants, such as the Ultra-Super-Critical (USC) power plants, are being designed to be operated at more extreme pressures and temperatures in order to achieve higher efficiency. One candidate material for components is Inconel alloy grade 617, a nickel based superalloy, which is expected to possess better creep resistance in comparison to other types of alloys ( Bhadeshia and Honeycombe, 2011;Evans and Wilshire, 1993 ). At present there is little available data or information about the behaviour of this material at the temperature of interest (700 °C) and hence there is a need to evaluate its properties under these conditions. This paper details experimentation on Alloy 617 to evaluate its uniaxial behaviour under tension and creep at 700 °C, using the results obtained to develop a creep damage model based on power law creep in conjunction with the Cocks-Ashby void growth approach Cocks and Ashby (1982) for creep in a multiaxial stress state. Finite Element (FE) simulations are compared to experimental results obtained by Digital Image Correlation (DIC), which is used in order to validate the effectiveness of a power law creep damage model. Results made using a novel electrical strain sensor using ACPD principles supplement this work to draw comparisons between the response of the sensor and the strain field experienced by the specimen.
Increasing traffic congestion is a constant source of frustration, time loss, and expense to users and managers of transportation systems. Cities, countries, and state transportation agencies are persistently searching for ways to mitigate urban traffic congestion, while minimizing costs and maintenance requirements. India battles with the dual challenge of pollution and congestion. Fifteen out of the top twenty most polluted cities in the world belong to India. In economic terms, the congestion losses combined for India's top four metros are over USD 22 billion annually. These high levels of congestion have a huge cost in the form of reduced productivity, fuel wastage, accidents, and traffic-related stress, simply due to time spent in traffic jams. Despite the increase in road length, newly constructed highways, and better connectivity, the problem of traffic congestion persists. With increasing vehicular traffic and limited road space, there is a dire need to adopt solution-centric and advanced technological measures to achieve free traffic flows in the capital city. Technology can play a pivotal role in identifying these mobility gaps and transforming existing transportation services. In urban areas, traffic signals are the limiting factors and common congestion points. Therefore, controlling traffic congestion relies on having an efficient and well-managed traffic signal control policy. There is no doubt that signals are one of the most powerful tools for urban traffic control available to city authorities and their correct installation can improve both traffic flow and the safety of all road users. A Smart Traffic Light System leverages technology to improve traffic outcomes by introducing a sensing network, which provides feedback to the existing network, so that it can adapt to the changing traffic density patterns and provide necessary signals to the controller in real-time.
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