Strong flavor baijiu (SFB) accounts for more than 70% of total yield of Chinese baijiu, which exists for hundreds of years. Clostridium is common in SFB ecosystem and identified to be one of main contributors of flavor compounds in SFB. Study on the Clostridium from SFB ecosystem is not only helpful for the understanding of flavor compounds formation mechanism, but also the improvement of SFB quality. This study focuses on the current researches on the Clostridium species in SFB ecosystem, including the species diversity, physiological and metabolic features, and applications.
Clostridium
spp. are important microorganisms that can degrade complex biomasses such as lignocellulose, which is a widespread and renewable natural resource. Co-culturing
Clostridium
spp. and other microorganisms is considered to be a promising strategy for utilizing renewable feed stocks and has been widely used in biotechnology to produce bio-fuels and bio-solvents. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the
Clostridium
co-culture system, including system unique advantages, composition, products, and interaction mechanisms. In addition, biochemical regulation and genetic modifications used to improve the
Clostridium
co-culture system are also summarized. Finally, future prospects for
Clostridium
co-culture systems are discussed in light of recent progress, challenges, and trends.
Pit mud plays a crucial role in the production of the Luzhou-flavour liquor. Its quality directly determines liquor quality and yield. The aged pit mud produced good quality liquor but aging pit mud did not. The aim of this work was to investigate the prokaryotic diversity of the aged and aging pit mud from a Luzhou-flavour liquor distillery using molecular methods. Two bacteria-specific and two archaea-specific 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed and analysed using amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis. A total of 273 clones were studied, which resulted in 28 operational taxonomic units. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes predominated in both the aged and aging pit mud, but Synergistetes and Actinobacteria were only detected in the aged pit mud. The family Methanosaeta dominated in the aged pit mud, while the Methanosarcina predominated in the aging pit mud. These results were confirmed using two genus-specific quantitative real time PCR assays. This research distinguished microbial community structure in the aged and aging pit mud for the first time, and has laid an initial foundation for identifying good quality pit mud and for maintaining the quality of pit mud.
Chinese rice wine (CRW) is an ancient wine with a moderate alcohol content; it has been prized in China for its color, sweet flavor profile, and is a national beverage typically used in banquets. Wheat Qu is the starter used to make CRW, and plays a vital role in the quality and flavor profile. This review details the raw materials and the wheat Qu manufacturing process, and recent information on wheat Qu microbiotas. The volatile compounds in wheat Qus and its flavor are also reviewed. Finally, the enzymes, and metabolites contained in wheat Qu, such as biogenic amines, are also discussed.
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