Fodinibius salinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a salt mine
Two rod-shaped, non-motile bacteria were isolated from two separate salt mines in Yunnan, south-western China. These strains, designated YIM D15T and YIM J21T, were Gram-negative and moderately halophilic. The two strains required 6–10 % NaCl (w/v; optimal) for growth. The DNA G+C contents of strains YIM D15T and YIM J21T were 49.0 mol% and 48.4 mol%, respectively. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The polar lipid profiles of strains YIM D15T and YIM J21T were composed predominantly of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, three unknown polar lipids and one glycolipid. Minor amounts of other lipids were also detectable. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 1ω9c/10 methyl-C16 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons showed that the two isolates formed a distinct clade with the genus Fodinibius (in the phylum Bacteroidetes ) and were related to the species Fodinibius salinus , with sequence similarities of 91.9–92.4 %. Analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains YIM D15T and YIM J21T were related to each other (97.3 % sequence similarity). The DNA–DNA hybridization relatedness between the two isolates was 34 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, DNA–DNA hybridization relatedness, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strains YIM D15T and YIM J21T should be classified as members of a novel genus and as two novel species, for which the names Aliifodinibius roseus gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain YIM D15T = ACCC 10715T = KCTC 23442T) and Aliifodinibius sediminis sp. nov. (type strain YIM J21T = ACCC 10714T = DSM 21194T) are proposed.
Geldanamycin and elaiophylin are co-produced in several Streptomyces strains. However, the regulation of their biosynthesis is not fully understood yet. Herein the function of a TetR family regulator GdmRIII, which is located in the biosynthetic gene cluster of geldanamycin, was studied to understand the regulatory mechanism of geldanamycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces autolyticus CGMCC0516. The production of geldanamycin decreased substantially in a ΔgdmRIII mutant and the yield of three compounds which were thought to be geldanamycin congeners greatly increased. Surprisingly, the structural elucidation of these compounds showed that they were elaiophylin and its analogues, which implied that GdmRIII not only played a positive regulatory role in the biosynthesis of geldanamycin, but also played a negative role in elaiophylin biosynthesis. GdmRIII affected the expression of multiple genes in both gene clusters, and directly regulated the expression of gdmM, gdmN, and elaF by binding to the promoter regions of these three genes. A conserved non-palindromic sequence was found among the binding sites of elaF. Our findings suggested that the biosynthetic pathways of geldanamycin and elaiophylin were connected through GdmRIII, which might provide a way for Streptomyces to coordinate the biosynthesis of these compounds for better adapting to environment changes.
A Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, short rod-shaped, heterotrophic bacterium, designated strain YIM D21T , was isolated from a salt mine in Yunnan province, south-west China. Strain YIM D21 T formed cream-yellow colonies, was non-motile and moderately halophilic, and tolerated NaCl concentrations of 1-15 % (w/v), with optimum growth at 5-10 % (w/v). Growth occurred at 15-42 6C (optimum 28 6C) and at pH 6.5-8.5 (optimum 7.5-8.0). The respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, three unidentified phospholipids, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids were The genus Roseivivax was originally proposed by Suzuki et al. (1999) and emended recently by Park et al. (2010). At the time of writing, the genus comprised three species with validly published names: two species, Roseivivax halodurans and Roseivivax halotolerans, which were isolated from a salt lake (Suzuki et al., 1999); and a third species, Roseivivax lentus, from a tidal flat sediment on the west coast of Korea, was subsequently described by Park et al. (2010). Members of this genus are Gram-negative, catalase-and oxidase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria. The major fatty acid is C 18 : 1 v7c. The respiratory quinone is ubiquinone-10.Common major polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), unidentified phospholipids (PLs) and unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content is 59.7-68.2 mol% (Suzuki et al., 1999;Park et al., 2010). The aim of this study was to determine the exact taxonomic position of strain YIM D21 T , which was isolated from salt mine sediment, by using a polyphasic approach. The results presented in this study show that this isolate represents a novel species of the genus Roseivivax.During the course of the investigation of cultured microbial diversity of hypersaline environments in Yunnan, south-west China, strain YIM D21T was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a crystallizer pond of the Fenggang salt mine (23 u 289 N 100 u 439 E) in Yunnan province, south-west China. At the time of sampling, the NaCl concentration, pH and temperature of the sediment were 49.3 %, pH 7.6 and 20.8 u C. The strain was isolated by the standard dilution-plating technique on marine agar 2216 (MA; Difco) at 28 u C. Strain YIM D21T was subsequently maintained on MA slants and stored as 20 % (v/v) 3These authors contributed equally to this work.
Three nematicidal cardenolides were obtained from the AcOEt extract of Nerium indicum Mill. by bioassay-guided fractionation. They include a new compound, 3beta-O-(beta-D-diginosyl)-14,15alpha-dihydroxy-5alpha-card-20(22)-enolide (1), and two known compounds, uzarigenin (2) and cardenolide N-1 (3). The median lethal concentrations (LC(50)) of compounds 1-3 against the nematodes Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Panagrellus redivivus, and Caenorhabditis elegans at 72 h were 103.3, 49.0, and 45.4 mg l(-1), 257.0, 62.7, and 177.8 mg l(-1), and 242.9, 29.1, and 41.7 mg l(-1), respectively. This is the first report about the nematicidal activity of cardenolides.
Streptomyces auratus strain AGR0001 produces neophoslactomycin A, a novel analog of phoslactomycin that possesses potent activity against some phytopathogenic fungi. Here, the draft genome sequence of S. auratus strain AGR0001 is presented, which would provide insight into the biosynthetic mechanism of neophoslactomycin A.
China's rapid economic development has caused considerable environmental problems in waste generation and treatment. One important reason for this is China's manufacturing exports to other countries such as Japan, a major trading partner. However, the contribution of such importing countries has not yet been fully explored. This study quantitatively examined how final demand in trade between China and Japan affects both countries' economies and waste generation. The results show that imports of final consumption goods from China to Japan induced enormous waste generation in China, while the wastes induced in Japan were negligible. Even if final demand exports from China to Japan are significantly economically beneficial to China, the cost to China from addressing the induced waste generation seems too much to make these exports worthwhile. To encourage constructive discussions, improvement of reliability and transparency of waste statistics in China that allows comparison with other countries would be significant.
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