Abstract:The high-speed growth of China's biotechnology industry during the past twenty years presents an excellent opportunity to examine its overall evaluation and governance from the perspective of science and technology policies. Although China's biotechnology industry has achieved tremendous extension both in scale and structure, the strengths it has gained from achievements in research and development activities have been significantly weakened in relation to processes of commercialization. After examining the definition of China's biotechnology industry as well as its evolution, the authors of this paper employ Actor-Networks Theory as a basic theoretical framework to reveal how China's biotechnology industry develops in the form of evolving networks within the country's social contextand to identify what kinds of relationships exist among the relevant factors. Our hope is to provide guiding insights for improving the governance of China's biotechnology industry both in policy and in management practices.
This article explores the research patterns and organizational features within R&D sector in China's biotechnology industry, delineating the innovation in knowledge production and industrial development. The more recent development of China's biotechnology industry is briefly overviewed from an interdisciplinary perspective, whilst a set of salient features embodied by social actors are envisaged as have so far strongly shaped the market-based, commercially driven mode of scientific knowledge production in the R&D activities. Furthermore, this mode serves as a premise to the innovation of the interaction-network. The implications derived from this analytical work shed a new light upon policy-making both at the level of S&T governance and in the management practice in China's biotechnology industry.
This article investigates how Western science established itself through disciplinarized institutionalization in China as the country entered the modern era, delineating China's science and technology (S&T) enterprises evolving within the social settings primarily decided by Confucianism doctrines including Scholar-bureaucrat virtue. Although the perspective of this study is mainly historical, I also adopt a sociological approach to scientific knowledge production in order to argue that, the socialization of Western science during the 'Treaty Century' (1842-1943) has shaped and channeled the growth of modern S&T as well as its governance in contemporary China in a normative manner. It is this sociological interpretation of the history of modern science in China that sheds new light on our understanding of scientific knowledge as a component element of belief system that crosses countries, social structures, and civilizations. The main findings also include the premises on which the S&T governance issues are explored in China's case, in particular, the increased social mobility at the intrusion of the Western.
Civil aircraft is the most complicated production of the world and during the manufacture various kinds of manufacture nonconformities occur at times. Superfluous hole is one of the most typical nonconformity types. When coping with this kind of problem, engineers often lack experience or standard treatment criteria, which may cause verbose treatment progress, low production efficiency or even technique risk. This article firstly introduces reasons for different types of superfluous holes and figures out treatment procedure and methods and analyses strength evaluation and assessment method.
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