Introduction Although the new classification of premature ejaculation (PE) has been proposed by Waldinger et al., there have been few studies investigating the four PE syndromes in China. Aims We investigated the prevalence and factors associated with the complaint of PE and the four PE syndromes in Anhui province, China. Methods Between September 2011 and September 2012, subjects were selected from five cities in Anhui province, China. They participated in this survey by completing a detailed verbal questionnaire regarding their demographic data and medical and sexual history. Men with PE complaint were diagnosed as lifelong PE (LPE), acquired PE (APE), natural variable PE (NVPE), or premature-like ejaculatory dysfunction (PLED). Main Outcome Measures PE complaint was divided into four PE syndromes. Anxiety, depression, and erectile dysfunction were independently assessed by the self-rating anxiety/depression scale and the international index of erectile function-5, respectively. Results Of the 3,016 men evaluated, 25.80% complained of PE. The distribution of the four PE syndromes in men with PE complaint was in the order of NVPE (44.09%), PLPE (24.81%), APE (18.77%), and LPE (12.34%). Patients with PE complaint were older and more likely to smoke, had more comorbidities, and a higher body mass index (BMI) than patients without the complaint (P < 0.001 for all). Similar findings were also observed in patients with APE compared with other PE patients (depression P = 0.012, cardiovascular P = 0.003, others P < 0.001). In addition, the rates of counseling by a doctor in men with LPE and APE were higher than those in men with NVPE and PLED (P < 0.001). Conclusion The prevalence of PE complaint in male population of Anhui province, China, was 25.80%, with the highest PE syndromes being NVPE and PLPE. Patients with PE complaint or APE were older and more likely to smoke, had more comorbidities, and a higher BMI.

Introduction Although infertility is known to be associated with psychological and sexual problems, the relationship between these two aspects in infertile men has not been well investigated. Aim To investigate the incidence of sexual dysfunction and psychological burden, and their possible associations in infertile men. Methods From June 2009 to June 2012, a total of 1,468 infertile men and 942 fertile men were evaluated. Premature ejaculation (PE) and erectile dysfunction (ED) were measured by the PE diagnostic tool (PEDT), the intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) and the international index of erectile function (IIEF)-5. Anxiety and depression, which reflect the degree of psychological burden, were measured by the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS), respectively. Main Outcome Measures PE and ED were measured by the PEDT, IELT, and IIEF-5. Anxiety and depression were measured by the SAS and SDS, respectively. Results The incidences of PE and ED in the infertile group were significantly higher than those in the fertile group (PE: 19.01% vs.10.93%, P < 0.001; ED: 18.05% vs. 8.28%, P < 0.001). In addition, anxiety and depression were more prevalent in infertile than fertile men (Anxiety: 38.01% vs. 26.65%, P < 0.001; Depression: 15.74% vs. 10.08%, P < 0.001). Furthermore, after adjusting for age in the infertile group, the PEDT score was positively associated with anxiety (adjusted r = 0.57; P < 0.001) and depression (adjusted r = 0.54; P < 0.001). Moreover, the IELT were negatively associated with anxiety (adjusted r = −0.40; P < 0.001) and depression (adjusted r = −0.52; P < 0.001). Similar negative relationships were also observed between the IIEF-5 score and anxiety (adjusted r = −0.49; P < 0.001) or depression (adjusted r = −0.50; P < 0.001). Conclusion This is the first study to systematically evaluate the incidence of sexual dysfunction and psychological burden, and their possible associations in infertile men in China. Further in-depth studies are needed to confirm and extend these results.

Conjugated polymers, which can be fabricated by simple processing techniques and possess excellent electrical performance, are key to the fabrication of flexible polymer field-effect transistors (PFETs) and integrated circuits. Herein, two ambipolar conjugated polymers based on (3E,7E)-3,7-bis(2-oxo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3(2H)-ylidene)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']difuran-2,6(3H,7H)-dione and dithienylbenzothiadiazole units, namely PNBDOPV-DTBT and PNBDOPV-DTF2BT, are developed. Both copolymers possess almost planar conjugated backbone conformations and suitable highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels (-5.64/-4.38 eV for PNBDOPV-DTBT and -5.79/-4.48 eV for PNBDOPV-DTF2BT). Note that PNBDOPV-DTBT has a glass transition temperature (140 °C) lower than the deformation temperature of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), meaning well-ordered molecular packing can be obtained on PET substrate before its deformation in mild thermal annealing process. Flexible PFETs based on PNBDOPV-DTBT fabricated on PET substrates exhibit high and well-balanced hole/electron mobilities of 4.68/4.72 cm V s under ambient conditions. After the further modification of Au source/drain electrodes with 1-octanethiol self-assembled monolayers, impressively high and well-balanced hole/electron mobilities up to 5.97/7.07 cm V s are achieved in the flexible PFETs. Meanwhile, flexible complementary-like inverters based on PNBDOPV-DTBT on PET substrate also afford a much high gain of 148. The device performances of both the PFETs and inverters are among the highest values for ambipolar conjugated polymers reported to date.

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Most previous studies on indoor air pollution from household use of solid fuels have used either indirect proxies for human exposure or measurements of individual pollutants at a single point, as indicators of (exposure to) the mixture of pollutants in solid fuel smoke. A heterogeneous relationship among pollutant-location pairs should be expected because specific fuel-stove technology and combustion and dispersion conditions such as temperature, moisture, and air flow are likely to affect the emissions and dispersion of the various pollutants differently. We report on a study for monitoring multiple pollutants--including respirable particles (RPM), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, fluoride, and arsenic--at four points inside homes that used coal and/or biomass fuels in Guizhou and Shaanxi provinces of China. All pollutants exhibited large variability in emissions and spatial dispersion within and between provinces and were generally poorly correlated. RPM, followed by SO2, was generally higher than common health-based guidelines/standards and provided sufficient resolution for assessing variations within and between households in both provinces. Indoor heating played an important role in the level and spatial patterns of pollution inside homes, possibly to an extent more important than cooking. The findings indicate the need for monitoring of RPM and selected other pollutants in longer-term health studies, with focus on both cooking and living/sleeping areas.

The diphenylethene moiety is a versatile building block that offers several chemically functionalizable sites, allowing easy modulation of electronic properties of the resulting polymers and providing numerous opportunities for discovering related structure–property relationships. In this study, we report a series of difluoro­diphenylethene-based copolymers with noncovalent conformational locks for applications in polymer field-effect transistors. Different fluorination positions lead to different type of intra- and intermolecular interactions, backbone conformations, and eventually different device performances. 2,2′-Difluoro­diphenylethene-based copolymers P2DFPE-n containing F···H–C conformation locks exhibit obviously enhanced hole mobilities of 1.3–1.5 cm2 V–1 s–1, whereas 3,3′-difluoro­diphenylethene-based copolymers P3DFPE-n containing F···H–C and F···S conformation locks show lower mobilities of 0.2–0.4 cm2 V–1 s–1. AFM and 2D-GRXD investigations indicate that P2DFPE-n takes predominantly edge-on orientation packing mode, forming crystalline and highly ordered thin films with small π–π stacking distances of 3.59–3.68 Å. However, P3DFPE-n adopts random close molecular packing mode in solid states.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of adult male circumcision on premature ejaculation (PE). Therefore, between December 2009 and March 2014, a total of 575 circumcised men and 623 uncircumcised men (control group) were evaluated. Detailed evaluations (including circumcision and control groups) on PE were conducted before circumcision and at the 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-up visits after circumcision. Self-estimated intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT), Patient-Reported Outcome measures, and 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function were used to measure the ejaculatory and erectile function for all subjects. The results showed that, during the one-year follow-up, men after circumcision experienced higher IELT and better scores of control over ejaculation, satisfaction with sexual intercourse, and severity of PE than men before circumcision (P < 0.001 for all). Similarly, when compared with the control group, the circumcised men reported significantly improved IELT, control over ejaculation, and satisfaction with sexual intercourse (P < 0.001 for all). These findings suggested that circumcision might have positive effects on IELT, ejaculatory control, sexual satisfaction, and PE severity. In addition, circumcision was significantly associated with the development of PE.

Four new D–A type copolymers, namely, PBDT-DFQX-PP, PBDT-DFQX-TP, PBDT-DFQX-PT and PBDT-DFQX-TT, were designed and synthesized to investigate the influence of conjugated side chain pattern on photovoltaic properties of conjugated polymers.