Verwaltungsmodernisierungen sind Prozesse die beständig laufen und öffentliche Verwaltungen prägen. Da in der Regel Aspekte einer bestehenden Verwaltungsorganisation modernisiert werden, und nur selten ganze Organisationseinheiten verändert oder neu geschaffen werden, muss Verwaltungsmodernisierung als Prozess des beständigen Wandels von Regeln und Formalien betrachtet werden. Es handelt sich also um eine Evolution von Institutionen. Dabei spielt in dieser Evolution eine Reihe von Einflussgrößen, von natürlichen bis künstlich geschaffenen, eine wichtige Rolle. Es handelt sich im Weiteren also um eine Evolution innerhalb eines ökologischen Kontexts. Der vorliegende Artikel betrachtet Verwaltungsmodernisierung und ihren Kontext daher aus Perspektive des Evolutionären Institutionalismus mit seinen Grundannahmen und verdeutlicht die Anwendbarkeit der evolutionären Analogie anhand von Stabilisierungs und Vervielfältigungsmechanismen.
The D'Hondt method will be used in the European elections on May 22, 2014. Its description in the media traditionally focusses on the process: that is, the complex, algorithmic detail of how seats are allocated in order.In this short article I provide a clearer explanation of the final allocation of seats and show that the two forms are equivalent.Incidentally, the Jefferson method (used to distribute seats in the US House of Representatives among states) is algorithmically different but also comes to the same allocation of seats.
Seat AllocationSuppose you are in charge of allocating seats to parties. Once the votes have all been cast and counted, you are faced with a group of parties each of which has a certain number of votes.You have a set of seats to allocate. The D'Hondt method is, in principle, very simple. You simply "sell" each seat to a party. Each seat "costs" the same number of votes; and each party buys as many seats as it can (and its leftover votes that are worth less than a seat, are discarded).Your job is to set the price of a seat so that, at the end of this process,• there are no seats left unsold; and• no party has enough votes left over to buy another seat.
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