Metallic zinc is an ideal anode for aqueous energy storage; however, Zn anodes suffer from nonhomogeneous deposition, low reversibility, and dendrite formation; these lead to an overprovision of zinc metal in full cells. Herein, oriented‐attachment‐regulated Zn stacking initiated through a trapping‐then‐planting process with a high zinc utilization rate (ZUR) is reported. Due to the isometric topology features of cubic‐type Prussian blue analog (PBA), the initial Zn plating occurs at specific sites with equal spacing of ≈5 Å in the direction perpendicular to the substrate; the trace amount of zinc ions trapped in tunnel matrix provides nuclei for the oriented attachment of Zn (002) deposits. As a result, the PBA‐decorated substrate delivers high reversibility of dendrite‐free zinc plating/stripping for more than 6600 cycles (1320 h) and achieves an average Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.5% at 5 mA cm−2 with 100% ZUR. Moreover, the anode‐limited full cell with a low negative–positive electrode ratio (N/P) of 1.2 can be operated stably for 360 cycles, displaying an energy density of 214 Wh kg−1; this greatly exceeds commercial aqueous batteries. This work provides a proof of concept design of metal anodes with a high utilization ratio and a practical method for developing high‐energy‐density batteries.
Manganese hexacyanoferrate (MnHCF) is one of the most promising cathode materials for aqueous battery because of its non‐toxicity, high energy density, and low cost. But the phase transition from MnHCF to Zinc hexacyanoferrate (ZnHCF) and the larger Stokes radius of Zn2+ cause rapid capacity decay and poor rate performance in aqueous Zn battery. Hence, to overcome this challenge, a solvation structure of propylene carbonate (PC)‐trifluoromethanesulfonate (Otf)‐H2O is designed and constructed. A K+/Zn2+ hybrid battery is prepared using MnHCF as cathode, zinc metal as anode, KOTf/Zn(OTf)2 as the electrolyte, and PC as the co‐solvent. It is revealed that the addition of PC inhabits the phase transition from MnHCF to ZnHCF, broaden the electrochemical stability window, and inhibits the dendrite growth of zinc metal. Hence, the MnHCF/Zn hybrid co‐solvent battery exhibits a reversible capacity of 118 mAh g−1 and high cycling performance, with a capacity retention of 65.6% after 1000 cycles with condition of 1 A g−1. This work highlights the significance of rationally designing the solvation structure of the electrolyte and promotes the development of high‐energy‐density of aqueous hybrid ion batteries.
Based on the stiffness theory of wave spring, this paper proposes the wave springs made of glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) and investigates the effect of the number of periods on the GFRP wave springs’ stiffness and frequency response characteristics. First of all, five different periods of composite wave springs which have identical outside dimensions are designed. Afterwards, the load-displacement curves of the GFRP wave springs are obtained using a combination of experimental and finite element analysis (FEA). Finally, the frequency response characteristics of the GFRP wave springs are measured using a force hammer excitation, and the experiment results of a GFRP wave spring are compared with a metal helical spring. The results show that the stiffness of the GFRP wave spring decreases from 34.84 N/mm to 20.59 N/mm with the increase in the number of periods. As the number of periods increases, the vibration attenuation increases from 16.32 dB to 69.17 dB. The stiffness of the GFRP wave spring is increased by 90.30% and the weight is reduced by 26.78%. The vibration isolation interval and vibration attenuation amplitude of the GFRP wave spring are higher than the metal helical spring.
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