The experimental site “Sial Morr Sugar mill, District Sargodha” Punjab, Pakistan was selected to carry out present investigation. The forage samples of Eragrostis pilosa, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Parthenium hysterophorus and Calotropis procera were collected from the three sites held in this area. The forage samples were cleaned with distilled water to rinse dust particles and other impurities. These forage samples were air dried, oven dried and ground for the assessment of proximate analysis. Proximate analysis procedures including the percentage of moisture content, crude protein, ash contents and crude fiber in the sample were determined by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists methods. The CP contents among different plant species ranged from 8.1% to 26.2% at all sites. The lowest CP value was found in Eragrostis pilosa at site III while the highest CP contents in Dactyloctenium aegyptium at site II. The CP content showed significant (p < 0.05) result among all species at all sites. There was consistence pattern of increase and decrease found during all plant species at all sites. Generally, CP concentration averaged high at site II. Our CP contents are above the critical value. Considering the overall percentage of moisture composition, it was highest at site II. However, the moisture was found more in Calotropis procera at site II. The Dactyloctenium aegyptium

had the least moisture content of 3.9% while the highest water content of 7%. Ash contents varied from 7.2% to 17.9% among various plant species at all sampling sites. The lowest ash ...

The aim of this work was to examine the ameliorative effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and potassium on antioxidant enzymes activity in wheat under saline conditions. Two wheat genotypes WL-711 (salt tolerant) and Kohistan-97 (salt sensitive) were used with salicylic acid (SA) and potassium (K+) foliar spray which were applied at both vegetative and grain filling stage under saline conditions. Various enzymatic antioxidant activities include catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was assesed. Result cleared that foliar spray of salicylic acid and potassium decreased the damaged effect of salinity in both wheat genotypes especially Kohistan-97 which was more salt sensitive. Overall, foliarly applied salicylic acid and potassium reduces the adverse effects of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes on cellular metabolism that was disturbed by salt stress.

Salt stress is a major threat for growth and development of wheat crop. Screening technique for salinity tolerance is an effective tool to identify tolerant cultivar and high yielding wheat genotypes. Present study was carried out to screen twenty wheat genotypes under laboratory terms utilizing various growth and physiological indices like plant fresh weight stress indices (PFSI), plant height stress tolerance index (PHSI), shoot length stress tolerance index (SLSI), germination stress tolerance index (GSI), plant dry weight stress indices (PDSI), root length stress tolerance index (RLSI), relative water content (RWC). Multivariate techniques like cluster analysis and correlation were used to analyze the variance between wheat genotypes. The correlations analysis indicated significant among different physiological indices like GSI, SLSI, RLSI, PFSI, PDSI and RWC. On the basis of cluster analysis 20 wheat genotypes were classified into three clusters: first cluster included (The genotype WL-711 was the premier scorer followed by Nifa Bathoor, ARRI-II and Millat-11) presents sufficient salt tolerating degree, on the other hand, cluster-2 is comprised of wheat genotypes (Inqilab-91, NIAB-09, Punjab-96, Sehar-2006, Tatara, AS-2002, SA-75, Lasani-09, FSD-08 and Galaxy-13) with medium level of salt tolerance and cluster-3 included genotypes (LU-26-S, Fakhar e Sarhad, Bakhtawar, Punjab-11, Barsat and Kohistan-97) did not perform upto the mark and have lower level of salt tolerance. Correlation analysis among different screening techniques indicated that physiological indices exhibited highly significant and positive correlations among GSI, PHSI, SLSI, PDSI, PFSI, and RWC while non-significant correlation existed among PDSI and RLSI. The correlation between PFSI and RWC was significant. Significant correlations between cluster analysis and different indices also proved that salt tolerant wheat genotypes screened.

Introduction Aerosol is a suspension of solid or liquid particles containing bacteria or viruses, suspended for at least a few seconds in a gas. The aerosol generated by an ultrasonic scaler contains microorganisms that can penetrate into the body through the respiratory system of dental surgeons and patients. The oral cavity harbors numerous bacteria and viruses from the respiratory tract, dental plaque, and oral fluids. Any dental procedure that has a potential to aerosolize saliva will cause airborne contamination with organisms. Aim To evaluate and compare the reduction efficacy in the levels of aerosol production at 1 foot, 5 feet, and 10 feet distance using 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash in dental waterlines. Materials and methods This single-center, randomized, two-group parallel design study was conducted over a period of 20 days. Twenty patients with chronic periodontitis were randomly divided into two groups: Test group and control group. Both the group samples were subjected to ultrasonic scaling. In the test group, 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash was added in the water dispenser bottle, whereas in the control group, distilled water was used. Blood agar plates were kept at distances of 1 foot, 5 feet, and 10 feet away from the headrest of the dental chair. Blood agar plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 hours, and the total number of colony-forming units (CFUs) was counted and statistically analyzed. Results The results of this study revealed that the experimental group showed higher reduction efficacy for aerosol production at 1 foot, 5 feet, and 10 feet distance from the center of the headrest of the dental chair compared with the control group. The results of this study also revealed that the number of CFUs was statistically significant only at 1 foot distance (p = 0.009) from the center of the headrest of the dental chair and not at 5 feet (p = 0.122) and 10 feet (p = 0.507) distances for both the groups. Conclusion This present study shows that the patient's chest area at a distance of 1 foot from the center of the headrest of dental chair receives a greater number of microorganisms than that at distances of 5 feet and 10 feet from the headrest of the dental chair. This validates the use of chlorhexidine in the form of an irrigant in dental waterlines as an additional barrier to cross-contamination, minimizing the risk to team members and the patient. How to cite this article Kasagani SK, Rao AG, Ahmed K, Fatima G, Tapashetti R. Reduction Efficacy in Aerosol Production using 0.2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash in Dental Waterlines: A Clinicomicrobiological Study. J Health Sci Res 2016;7(1):1-5.

Heavy metal concentration in sewage water irrigation of fodders, milk, and soil was studied. It was a serious issue because excess of sewage water is used for irrigating crops and due to excessive use of waste-water heavy metals build up in plants and when animals consume these plants metals transfer to their bodies and milk causes different problems. Six samples were collected Trifolium alexandrinum, Avena sativa, Zea mays, Pennisetum glaucum, Sorghum bicolor, Brassica campestris from five sites. All the samples were digested by wet digestion method. After digestion a clear transparent solution of all samples was obtained which was analyzed in atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Different indices were applied including bio concentration factor, daily intake of metals, health risk index, enrichment factor, pollution lad index, correlations of fodders, soil and milk was done. Pollution load index of current study was less than 1 which indicates that soil was less polluted. Health risk for Cd was present higher than 1 which was an indication of risk to health of animals in eating Cd contaminated fodders. Daily intake of metal was lower than 1 it showed there was no risk in consuming fodders to health of animals. In water samples level of Cd was higher above permissible limit. Cd mean concentration was higher in milk than permissible limit which showed that animals graze more contaminated fodder in open areas and drink waste-water that�s why metals accumulate in their tissues and milk causing toxicity.