The current study dealt with patients with otitis media, where the fungus was isolated from different pathological conditions, and the patients were distributed according to age, sex, residence, and chronic diseases.The fungal species isolated from these patients were diagnosed, and the focus was on Mucor as it is dangerous and may cause black fungus disease, as it was diagnosed phenotypically and molecularly by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a drug sensitivity test was conducted. The results showed that men are more susceptible to infection than women, and adults are more susceptible than adolescents and children, and chronic diseases increased the incidence.The study showed an average ability of Mucor spp to produce hydrolytic enzymes, which makes it dangerous only for patients with low immunity. The study also showed that the fungus is resistant to antifungals except for fluconazole, amphotericin B, and ketoconazole, where the diameter of inhibition was 32, 14, and 10 mm, respectively.
The current study included isolating Staphylococcus aureus from the urine of men with urinary tract infections, where 17 isolates belonging to this species were obtained, which were diagnosed traditionally and by polymerase chain reaction. Then, the ability of the isolates to produce melanin was tested, as it is a substance that has great medical benefits, as it can be isolated and used as an antibacterial and antifungal, it has many other benefits. All isolates were melanin-producing, but the best of them were isolates 1, 2, 3and 10, which gave melanin amount of 3.1, 2.8, 3, and 2.9 mg/L, respectively, and gave a dry weight of 8.8, 6.5, and 6.1and 3.6 mg/l. Nitrogen sources gave close amounts of melanin, as follows: soybeans produced melanin with an amount of 2.7, yeast extract 2.6, and peptone 2.65 mg/l, while the best carbon sources culture medium was starch2.8 mg/l, then glucose came after that with 2.6 mg/l, then glycerol, maltose, fructose, sucrose, dextrose, and mannitol, with a yield of 2.4, 2.2, 2.2, 1.7, and 1.5 mg/l, respectively. The best temperature for melanin production was 35℃, followed by 30℃, then 25℃, then 40℃, then 20℃, with a melanin production amount of, 2.8, 2.3, 1.9, 1.7 and 1.1mg\l respectively. As for the pH, the best was 7, followed by 6, then 8, followed by 5, then 4 with melanin amount of 2.7,2.2, 1.7,1.7 and 1.3 mg\lrespectively.
The current study included evaluates the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the Ipomoea carnea plant were used against dermatophytes isolated from school children in the city of Diwaniyah. The study showed the presence of many ringworms spread among children, and the most prevalent is tinea corporis with 33 (35). %) cases, followed by tinea cruris with 24 cases (26%). Males were the most susceptible to infection in most cases, with the exception of Tinea pedis, which was more common in females. As for the isolated species, they were both Trichophytons rubrum and Microsporum canis were superior in terms of the number of isolates with 30 and 28 isolates, respectively. As for as flower extracts, the concentration 30% alcoholic extract was the best in inhibiting fungal growth, as the diameters of the colonies were 1.3, 1, 0.7, 1, 1.2, 1.2 and 6 mm for Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton violaceum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum audouinii and Epidermophyton floccosum, respectively, while the diameters of the 30%aqueous extract were 2.4, 2.1, 1.8, 2.3, 2.0, 2 respectively. The leaves Alcoholic extract were the best in compare with water extracts and the concentration 30 % gave the best inhibition for fungal growth, the diameter was 1.3,1,0.7,1.2,1 and 0.6 mm for the fungi for Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton violaceum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum audouinii and Epidermophyton floccosum, respectively.
Citric acid is one of the important organic acids in the fields of industry, agriculture, medicine, etc., and it can be obtained in many ways, the best of which is biological methods using microorganisms. The current study aimed to prepare two cheap and environmentally friendly culture media for the purpose of producing citric acid from Aspergillus niger. The two media, one from rice husks and the other from Wheat bran, where a comparison was made between them regarding which is more efficient in supporting the fungus A. niger compared to the standard medium, the best temperature and pH for production were also assessed. Eight isolates were obtained, all of which produced acid to varying degrees. No.1 was the highest and best in terms of production 3.1 gm/l, followed by isolate No. 2 with an amount of 2.5 g/l. It was observed that the amount of acid produced increased with the increase of the biomass of the fungus. The study showed variable results regarding the production of citric acid from isolates of A. niger, where the wheat bran medium was the best result, where the resulting concentration of acid was 5.1 gm/l, compared to 4.4 g/l for the medium of rice husks. The results showed that the best temperature was 25°C, as it gave a concentration of citric acid of 3.4 g/l, while the best pH was 6 where the concentration of citric acid produced It was 3 grams per liter.the study showed that there were no significant differences with regard to the sugars adopted in this experiment, as it gave significant similar results in terms of the amount of acid produced as well as the biomass of the fungus Aspergillus niger, while ammonium nitrate was the best among the nitrate sources used, with a production quantity of 4 gm/l .
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