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Background:The discharge of improperly treated hospital landfill presents an enormous public health risk. In Burkina Faso, the management of hospital's wastewaters and the current antibiotic susceptibility of clinically relevant isolates need to be determined, because the multi-drug resistant isolates have been previously described in hospital settings. The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance profile of isolates circulating in Ouagadougou. Methods: The biochemical characterization of the isolates was carried out by tests from the API 20E test and completed with molecular characterization by simple polyemerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined using the recommendations of CA-SFM 2019. Results: The hospital wastewaters do not undergo any treatment before been discharged into the environment. A total of 171 presumed isolates of Salmonella spp, Pseudomonas spp, and Escherichia coli were identified in this study. These isolates derived from environment (n=19) and clinical (n=152). These isolates were resistant to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (95.32%), cefoxitin (72.51%), ceftazidime (78.94%), cefepime (80.71%), tobramycin (59.64%), gentamicin (42.10%), nalidixic acid (68.42%), norfloxacin (59.06%), ciprofloxacin (56.14%), imipenem (0.00%), chloramphenicol (26.31%), and colistin (77.77%). Somewhere else, 46 presumptive Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to vancomycin (30.43%), oxacillin (13.04%), penicillin G (89.13%), ceftriaxone (15.21%), cefoxitin (2.73%),t (36.95%), kanamycin (30.43%), ciprofloxacin (15.21%), norfloxacin (43.47%), Tetracycline (56.52%), chloramphenicol (13.04%), and Fosfomycin (2.73%). Conclusion: The hospital wastewaters harbour a variety of pathogens, most of which are resistant to several families of antibiotics.

One consequence of the shift in land use from traditional food production to cotton production in West Africa is the application of different pesticides. The influence of this practice on the formation of pesticide residues in soils and sediments of seasonal dry pools was investigated in 2008 and 2009 in the region of the Pendjari biosphere reserve in Benin. The protected park area, the buffer zone with some sporadic agricultural practice and the agricultural zone of the Pendjari region were compared. GC-electron capture detector method was used to analyze selected pesticides covering the officially supplied pesticides and some organochlorine compounds. Residues of a-and b-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, chlorpyrifos, p,p 0 -dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, p,p 0 -dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) were detected in soils of cotton fields and in sediments from adjacent pools within the agricultural and buffer zone. Concentrations were in the range of below detection limit (DL) to 150 mg/kg dry mass (dm) for endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate together and of below DL to 12 mg/kg dm for chlorpyrifos. In pool sediments, concentrations of total endosulfan were in a range of below DL to 47 mg/kg dm. The occurrence of the pesticides was directly linked to the cotton growing season. No residues were detected at the beginning of cotton growing season. Concentration levels of p,p 0 -DDE were in the range of below DL to 12 mg/kg dm.No pesticide residues were found in the protected park zone.

Background Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common bacterial species implicated in various types of infections including septicemia, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, meningitis and others pathologies. These involve several bacterial clones with multidrug resistance making them difficult to treat. The aims of this study was to perform molecular typing of E. coli strains using universal primer (GTG)5. In this study, 53 E. coli strains were collected from inpatients and outpatients. The test of antimicrobial sensibility was realized using CA-SFM /EUCAST method and strains were identified by conventional microbiological tests. The carbapenemase-producing strains were demonstrated by phenotypic method. Bacterial DNA was extracted by boiling method. (GTG)5-PCR was used for strain subtyping. The DendroUPGMA software was used for grouping of strains from the genetic fingerprints obtained by (GTG)5-PCR. Results Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that all strains were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Its strains showed resistance to at least three different families of antibiotics. Of this MDR strains, only one was a metallo-β-lactamase producer. The dendrogram obtained using genetic fingerprinting allowed the E. coli strains to be grouped into 22 clusters (G1 to G22). Conclusion The (GTG) 5-PCR assay enabled rapid molecular typing of E. coli strains. The strains of E. coli typed in this study would belong to different clones.

Background: Epidemic of carbapenemase-producing bacteria has become worldwide. Thus, during the last decade, the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and non fermentative Gramnegative bacteria in human patients have increased. Carbapenemase-producing bacteria are usually multidrug resistant. Therefore, early recognition of carbapenemase producers is critical to prevent their spread. Objectives: The aim of this study was to contribute establishing the prevalence of isolates producing metallo-β-lactamase isolated from patients admitted to Schiphra Hospital of Ouagadougou. Material and methods: Susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents was evaluated by disc diffusion method using imipenem as screening antibiotic. The combination of imipenem-EDTA was used after detecting the resistance to imipenem. Results: A total of 52 isolates resisting one of the third generation cephalosporins were collected. Five isolates showed an intermediary resistance to imipenem (9.61%). Two isolates were resistant to imipenem-EDTA (3.85%). The test of imipenem-EDTA was done to confirm the production of metallo-β-lactamase. The hydrolysis of bacterial extract by meropenem was confirmed by production with a kinetic activity at spectrophotometer V0=4.77x10 -5 µM/min for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and V0=1.183x10 -4 µM/min for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Conclusion: This study showed that bacterial resistances by production of metallo-β-lactamases are a reality in Burkina Faso.

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