Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by delusion, hallucination, formal thought disorder, disorganized or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms (e.g. emotional blunting, decreased initiative, impoverished speech etc.) and cognitive dysfunction. Though not described as diagnostic criteria, cognitive dysfunction is the strongest determinant of functional recovery as it has a gradual deteriorating effect on social and occupational functioning. It precedes coincides and outlasts positive symptoms. Among different cognitive abilities it affects attention, memory, processing speed, social cognition and executive function most. Recent studies are showing schizophrenia affects those who have compromised cognitive function or low IQ. Moreover different brain imaging techniques have shown structural and functional abnormality in certain areas. This article has tried to answer few questions like, are cognitive dysfunctions inevitable in schizophrenic patients and if it is then what are the areas what is the nature of affection. It is also important to know how and why they affect the long term outcome of this disorder.
Background: Social cognition deficits are common in clinical populations but there is a dearth of standardized social cognition assessment tools in India. Theory of mind (ToM) is an important aspect of social cognition which is often assessed with the revised reading the mind in eyes test (RMET-R). However, we do not have a statistically validated version of the test for the Indian population. Aim: This study aims to assess the acceptability, reliability, and validity of the Bengali version of the RMET-R. Materials and Methods: We administered the RMET-R to 23 patients with chronic schizophrenia (SCZ), 22 patients with bipolar disorder, and 104 healthy controls (HCs) to evaluate the reliability and validity of the instrument in the Indian (Bengali) population. Results: We obtained moderate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.6) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.64, P < 0.001). Positive correlations were found between RMET-R and Wechsler picture arrangement ( r = 0.60, P < 0.001), picture completion ( r = 0.54, P < 0.001), and comprehension subtests ( r = 0.48, P < 0.001). Patients with SCZ ( M = 49.7, standard deviation [SD] = 16.5) scored significantly lower than HCs ( M = 68.9, SD = 13.8) ( P = 0.008; Cohen's d = 1.3) on the RMET-R. Thus this tool could discriminate patients who are reported to have Theory of Mind deficits from healthy controls. Conclusion: The Bengali version of the RMET-R is a reliable and valid tool for assessing first-order ToM insofar as the original RMET-R measures this construct.
Background While pragmatic deficits are well documented in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) and right hemisphere damage (RHD), there is a paucity of research comparing the pragmatic deficits of these two groups. Do they experience similar cognitive dysfunction or is there a dissociation between the two patient groups? Aims To investigate the nature of pragmatic deficits in these two groups and to gain an understanding of the underlying cognitive mechanisms that might be associated with these deficits to further future investigations. Methods & Procedures A total of 60 participants (15 patients with SCZ; 15 with RHD; 30 (15 + 15) healthy controls (HC) were administered the Bengali Audio‐Visual Test‐Battery for Assessment of Pragmatic Skills. Outcomes & Results Both SCZ and RHD patients were found to have significant pragmatic deficits compared with their matched controls. SCZ patients were found to score significantly better than the RHD group in six out of the 10 pragmatic skills when controlled for age and education. Discriminant function analysis was performed and 86.7% of the cases (HC = 100%, SCZ = 73.3% and RHD = 86.7%) were correctly reclassified into their original categories using the test scores. Conclusions & Implications The study suggests that there is heterogeneity in the nature of the pragmatic breakdown within and across patient groups. Therefore, individualized restorative measures targeting the disrupted cognitive mechanism(s) might help elevate pragmatic competence and enhance the social functioning of patients with pragmatic deficits. What this paper adds What is already known on the subject Pragmatic deficits are common in adults with cognitive impairments of different etiologies. However, few studies have explored pragmatic deficits across clinical populations. Consequently, very little is known about the nature of pragmatic deficits in patients with schizophrenia and right hemisphere damage. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This work offers preliminary data on pragmatic difficulties in patients with schizophrenia and right hemisphere damage. This study overrides the boundaries of traditional classifications and evaluates pragmatic difficulties in these two clinical populations with reference to the underlying cognitive mechanisms, which might be disrupted. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The study adds a transdiagnostic perspective suggesting that there might be heterogeneity in pragmatic deficits, both within and across patient groups, and stresses the need for individualized therapy.
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MS) is rampant all over the world. Depression is expected to be the second most common cause of loss of DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Events) by 2020 after coronary artery disease as per WHO (World Health Organization). Previous studies show connection between depression and MS. Most studies are from western world. We tried to find MS in clinically depressed patients attending a tertiary care hospital of Eastern India. Aims and Objectives-Our objective was to assess the prevalence of MS in patients with depression who had never been treated with antidepressants for their depressive disorder and compare the same with a matched group of healthy patients. We followed the criteria proposed by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in diagnosing MS. MATERIALS AND METHODS There are two groups. Study group (51) comprised clinically depressed patients as per ICD-10. Second group comprised healthy controls (46) who were matched for age, sex, gender, education and socioeconomic profile. Anthropometric measurement and assessment of metabolic parameters were noted in both groups. Cases were given 'Beck Depressive Inventory (BDI)' to assess severity of depression. RESULTS 31.4% of study group and 17.4% of control group had MS. Most common of MS among study group was low HDL and among control group was central obesity. CONCLUSION Our study strongly indicates association of depression and MS. Low HDL was the most common abnormality in our patient group, in which females were more in number.
Long exposure of broad spectrum antibiotic can severe causes of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production within bacteria in UTI patient. Community-acquired infections due to ESBL producing and both are rising worldwide. To assess the prevalence and antibiotics resistance patterns of ESBL-producing and Klebsiella spp. from covid positive patient admitted in HDU with catheterized condition. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on Salboni Super speciality Hospital (Covid Level-IV) at West Bengal, India from August 2020 to August2021and a total of 1116 urine samples were collected from catheterized patient admitted in male and female HDU due to exposure of covid. Samples were cultured on CLED agar and then Identification of the isolates was done by Gram's staining followed by biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and interpretation was done following Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines foe detection of ESBL producing and . present study showed 51.6% (n-326) and 37.2% (n-235) Klebsiella spp. from 631 significant growths from both male and female patients. Out of this, total ESBL producing and spp. seen 55% (n-309) from both male and femle patient in different age group. Finally Isolated ESBL producing i 45.9 % (n-142) and ESBL producing Klebsiella spp. 54 % (n- 167) from both male and female HDU.Detection of ESBL producing and due to prolonged uses of broad spectrum antibiotic vigorously. The occurrence of multidrug resistance to the third-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracyclines is more common among ESBL producers. It may help to detect other organism in same condition, so that it will be importance in clinical aspect of future treatment for clinician.
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