Type II diabetic mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that impairs normal insulin production and glucose transport to the liver and muscles. In the India, about 1-5% population suffer from diabetes or related complication. So there is need to cure this disease. DM chronic auditory complications may include spiral ganglia atrophy, degeneration of the vestibulocochlear nerve myelin sheath, reduction of the number of spiral lamina nerve fibres, and thickening of the capillary walls of the stria vascularis and small arteries. This study aims to know the incidence of common parameters, blood sugar levels, levels of lipids and the hearing thresholds of individuals. It is a Noise-Induced Hearing Loss research study featuring hearing impairment in transport workers diagnosed as type II diabetic. All individuals were interviewed by various questioners related to listening ability of subjects and underwent a physical examination, blood investigations and audiometry. Hearing impairment was more prevalent among adults with diabetes. Sensory neuron hearing loss is predominant in both study groups. Mixed Bilateral Hearing Loss showed significant value in (>.001) by audiometry. The percentage of hearing loss in diabetes (ranges 5.3-28.1%) and in non-diabetics (ranges 3.4-24.1%) and risk factors in diabetes (ranges 22.8-35.1%) over nondiabetics (ranges 17.2-20.1%) which is eye opener. The correlation between type II diabetes and hearing impairment was independent of known risk factors for hearing impairment, such as noise exposure, build-up wax, ototoxic medication, smoking, tobacco chewing etc.

Mitotic counting is often used for classification, grading and prognosis of tumors. The count usually stands as a decision point for treatment as well. The easiest way of counting the number of mitoses is done by screening routine H&E stained slides. However, for proper mitotic counting, certain strict protocols should be taken into consideration. This study on 30 cases of different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma was undertaken to determine the interobserver variations in two different groups: Group1 (A1, A2), who were given certain criteria to be followed during the counting of the mitotic figures and group 2 investigators (B1, B2) who were unaware of such criteria. The paired t-test gives a correlation of 0.988 and a significant difference of 0.000 between the two investigators in group 1. The correlation was 0.650 with a significant difference of 0.058 between two investigators in-group 2, indicating that group 1 observers exhibit good interobserver agreement. The results emphasize that following of strict protocols are of great help in determining the accuracy of mitotic counting. How to cite this article Yadav KS, Gonuguntla S, Ealla KKR, Velidandla SR, Reddy CRC, Prasanna MD, Bommu SR. Assessment of Interobserver Variability in Mitotic Figure Counting in Different Histological Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(3):339-344.

Objectives:Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) caused by dense deposition of collagen fibers which is a protein. There is a plethora of research to evaluate degree of collagen deposition using various simple histochemical techniques, but its correlation with total serum protein (TSP) level has not been explored so far.Materials and Methods:This case–control study comprised total forty samples with thirty cases of OSMF and ten cases were selected as control group, divided into four groups as per Lai et al. classification. Histological grading was also done according to the Rooban et al.'s classification. Blood sample was collected to evaluate TSP estimation. Findings were tabulated, and comparisons were made between clinical, histological, and TSP estimation. Discrete statistical data were analyzed by Chi-square test, ANOVA, and t-test with a statistical analysis package (SPSS version software 6.0).Results:No significant correlation was obtained between clinical staging and histopathological grading. Definite correlation was obtained in TSP and globulin levels of OSMF patients and their grades of fibrosis histopathologically.Conclusion:In the present study, it was observed that biochemical investigations involving assessment of TSP can be used as a diagnostic tool in OSMF, along with histopathological examination.

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Diabetes has become the main public health challenge for the 21st century. Pronounced changes in the human environment and in human behavior and lifestyle, have accompanied globalization, and these have resulted in escalating rates of diabetes. Microalbuminuria is considered as a clinically important indicator of deteriorating renal function in diabetic patients. Microalbuminuria is the strong predictor of diabetic nephropathy, which is the main cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus. It is also characterized by increased prevalence of arterial hypertension, proliferative retinopathy, and peripheral neuropathy. Detection of microalbuminuria is an indication for initiation of appropriate therapy for the purpose of preventing the advance of progressive diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic kidney disease or nephropathy is the most common cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD) or kidney failure. One of the early markers of not only diabetic nephropathy, but also vascular disease in patients with diabetes, is the presence of microalbuminuria. The primary constituent of urinary protein in diabetic nephropathy is albumin. Consequently, quantification of urinary albumin excretion is central to any description of diabetic renal disease. Other renal diseases that occur with greater frequency in diabetic patients include asymptomatic bacteriuria, pyelonephritis, papillary necrosis, and radiocontrast induced renal failure. Primary prevention of diabetes is the ideal. In this concern, this review briefly highlights the features of diabetes, diabetic nephropathy and different perspectives of microalbuminuria in diabetes.