The oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) is an important freshwater prawn species in China. We reported the isolation and characterization of 24 novel polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from genomic DNA in this species enriched by (CA) 15 and (CT) 15 probes. The variability of these microsatellites were tested on 60 individuals collected from Hongze Lake (China). The average allele number was 15.2 per locus, ranging from 9 to 25. The observed heterozygosity was from 0.1333 to 0.9667 and the expected heterozygosity was from 0.8391 to 0.9570. 9 of the 24 microsatellites did not conform to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, whereas all the microsatellite loci have shown a high degree of polymorphism information content (PIC [ 0.5). These microsatellites can be used to study economic traits of QTL position, population genetic diversity and the construction of the genetic mapping for Macrobrachium nipponense in the future.
Aquaculture is an important sector for ensuring global food security. Due to the scarcity of freshwater available for expanding aquaculture, the development of omnivorous fish species and varieties that can tolerate high salinity will enhance fish production. Some tilapia species are good candidates for aquaculture in brackish and seawater because they can grow in high salinity. Among tilapia species, Oreochromis mossambicus, Oreochromis aureus, Oreochromis spilurus, Oreochromis urolepis hornorum, Sarotherodon galilaeus and Coptodon zillii are the most salinity‐tolerant. Hybrids derived from salinity‐tolerant tilapia species are tolerant to a certain level of salinity. They have been used in aquaculture production in brackish water and full seawater. Conventional selective breeding has been applied to increase the growth rate of salinity‐tolerant tilapias. However, their growth rate is lower than that of the freshwater Oreochromis niloticus. Recently, many genomic resources and tools have been developed for salinity‐tolerant tilapia. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) for important economic traits, including salinity tolerance and other desired traits, have been carried out and applied in molecular breeding for superior salinity‐tolerant tilapia lines. In this review, we systematically analysed tilapia species that can be cultured in brackish and saltwater. We summarized previous works in conventional breeding and molecular breeding for salinity‐tolerant tilapia. We pointed out a few known and potential challenges in the selective breeding and culture of salinity‐tolerant tilapia. Due to the rapid advances in molecular and other disruptive technologies, we are optimistic that novel breeding approaches will significantly increase the production salinity‐tolerant tilapia.
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