INTRODUCTIONThe stomach is the most dilated part of the digestive tube and intervenes between Oesophagus and the first part of the duodenum. The stomach acts as a reservoir of food, converts the food into chyme by churning movements and allows the digestion of proteins in to peptones and proteases under influence of hydrochloric acid.The stomach also secretes abundant mucus which act as a protective barrier of mucous membrane. The mucosa of stomach allows some absorption of water, glucose, alcohol and some salts. The stomach secrete a hormone gastrin which regulates the secretion of pepsin and Hcl. An intrinsic factor is eloberated for the absorption of B12 vitamin in the small intestine.1 The stomach is situated in the epigastrium, left hypochondrium and umbilical regions.2 The stomach is a muscular bag relatively fixed at both ends, mobile else-where. The main parts of stomach are fundus, body and pylorus, with greater and lesser curvatures forming left and right borders with the attachment of greater and lesser omentum respectively. In most of the people the stomach is "J" shaped. It receives rich arterial supply from the all three branches of coeliac trunk. Left and right gastric arteries anastomose in the lesser curvature. Right and left gastro epiploic arteries anastomose in the inferior part of greater curvature. The veins drains into the corresponding named vessels which drain in to portal vein. The stomach is also ABSTRACT Background: The morphology of the stomach taken for the study for its clinical interventions like gastro-oesophagial reflux disorders (GERD) which are very common nowadays because of unusual timing of eating food, stress related jobs, eating of junk foods etc. The obesity now considered to be the 2 nd leading cause of death, which can be prevented by gastric reconstructive procedures i.e., the bariatric surgeries. Methods: The study includes 70 adult cadavers, 28 obtained from the formalin fixed specimens kept for anatomy dissection for 1st year MBBS students from 2009 batch to 2015 batch. The remaining 42 specimens obtained from the postpartum bodies in the Forensic department of Guntur Medical College, Guntur. The abdominal cavity opened according to the incisions in the Cunninghams manual of anatomy. Stomach identified by reflecting anterior abdominal wall. Location noted, shape observed, Length taken, relations blood supply noted, results tabulated. Results: 71.4% specimens are "J" shaped, 14.2% are reverse "L" shaped, 7.2% are cresentic shaped, 7.2% are cylindrical shaped observed. The length is more in "J" shaped specimens. The lower extent of greater curvature at L3 in 71.4% specimens, at L2 in 21.4% specimens, at L4 in 7.2% specimens. Conclusions: The present study discussed about the shape of the stomach and the majority of specimens shown "J" shape. Remaining are reverse "L" shape; cresentic and cylindrical shaped.
Background: Purpose of current study was to describe the variations in the complex network of terminal branches of facial nerve in the face. The facial nerve passes through the substance of parotid gland in the plane between superficial and deep lobes. The knowledge of variation in the branching pattern of terminal branches is very important for surgeons to prevent the injuries which may lead to facial palsy. Methods: The present study includes fifty foetal parotid glands in 25 foetuses and 8 adult parotid glands of 4 cadavers. The glands exposed in fixed fetuses and adult cadavers, capsules removed. The superficial lobe of the gland reflected laterally and the trunk of facial nerve in the substance was observed. The divisions and terminal branches were traced. The variations in the divisions and terminal branches, loops between branches were observed and noted. Results: In the foetal specimens the facial nerve divides into 2 main divisions in 88% of glands. The remaining 12% foetal specimens the facial nerve divides directly into 5 terminal branches. 56% foetal specimens show straight branching pattern, 12%specimens show looping between zygomatic and buccal branch. In 32% specimens the loop between upper buccal and lower buccal branches present. Multiple communications or complex pattern between two main divisions not found in this study. Conclusion: The variations noted are: In the foetal specimens the facial nerve divides into two main divisions in 88% and in all adult specimens. In 12% of foetal specimens direct five terminal branches are given.
The role of thyroid function on sperm quality has not been well studied from a pathological aspect. This study aimed to report the degree of association between the status of thyroid hormones, sperm quality and aetiology in infertile men compared to healthy subjects. A prospective case control investigative study was conducted on 100 infertile males and age matched healthy controls. Semen samples were collected for sperm quality examination, and the serum levels of tetraiodothyronine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH) were measured. Out of 100 infertile men, oligozoospermia (32%), asthenozoospermia (48%), and oligo-asthenozoospermia (20%) were found. There was a statistical difference between the group I and group II groups related to sperm count (28.32 ± 14.60 vs 66.50 ± 10.50 x 106/ml), sperm motility (40.1 ± 13.8 vs 64.8 ± 7.85%), and sperm morphology (55.92 ± 5.27 vs 83.50 ± 5.25%, p<0.05). There was a statistical difference among the oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and oligo-asthenozoospermia groups related to T3 (115 + 0.40 vs 1.29 ± 0.59 vs 1.25 ± 0.32 ng/ml), T4 (7.35 ± 1.42 vs 9.15 ± 1.85 vs 7.85 ± 1.65 μg/dl), and TSH (1.69 ± 0.55 vs 2.12 ± 1.45 vs 1.98 ± 0.4 μIU/ml) (P<0.05). There was a significant inverse correlation of TSH levels with sperm volume (r = -0.12, p= 0.02), sperm motility (r = -0.26, p= 0.02), and sperm morphology (r = -0.304, p = 0.02) observed. T4 levels were significantly correlated with sperm count (r = -0.278, p = 0.02), and sperm motility (r = -0.249, p = 0.032). T4 levels were very highly associated with asthenozoospermia. Relative operating curve analysis shows that Sperm motility of >40.1%, T3 levels of <1.29 ng/ml, total T4 levels of <8.42 μg/dl, TSH levels of <1.98 μIU/ml inferred the male infertility. Although thyroid function screening is not currently recommended as a part of the diagnostic workup of the infertile male, it may be reconsidered in light of the physiopathological background. Studies will be necessary to initiate the trial of a small dose of anti-thyroid drug in asthenozoospermic patients.
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