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This paper describes a variable supply-voltage (VS) scheme. From an external supply, the VS scheme automatically generates minimum internal supply voltages by feedback control of a buck converter, a speed detector, and a timing controller so that they meet the demand on its operation frequency. A 32-b RISC core processor is developed in a 0.4-m CMOS technology which optimally controls the internal supply voltages with the VS scheme and the threshold voltages through substrate bias control. Performance in MIPS/W is improved by a factor of more than two compared with its conventional CMOS design. Index Terms-Buck converter, low power CMOS circuits, low threshold voltage, low voltage.

Trifluoromethyl ethers R-OCF3 are easily synthesized from the corresponding dithiocarbonates R-OCS2Me (R = aryl or primary alkyl) by a reagent system consisting of 70% HF/pyridine and an N-halo imide. When the reaction is applied to R-OCS2Me wherein R = secondary alkyl, tertiary alkyl, or benzylic group, fluorination leading to the corresponding alkyl fluorides R-F is achieved, whereas a combination of 50% HF/pyridine and N-bromosuccinimide affords the corresponding trifluoromethyl ethers R-OCF3 (R = secondary).

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Key Points• Moderate attenuation of RUNX1 expression upregulates total RUNX expressions and enhances leukemogenesis through RUNX-GSTA2-ROS axis.• Inhibiting GSTA2 function in vivo prolongs the overall survival of AML mice with intermediate RUNX1 expressions.Besides being a classical tumor suppressor, runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) is now widely recognized for its oncogenic role in the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here we report that this bidirectional function of RUNX1 possibly arises from the total level of RUNX family expressions. Indeed, analysis of clinical data revealed that intermediatelevel gene expression of RUNX1 marked the poorest-prognostic cohort in relation to AML patients with high-or low-level RUNX1 expressions. Through a series of RUNX1 knockdown experiments with various RUNX1 attenuation potentials, we found that moderate attenuation of RUNX1 contributed to the enhanced propagation of AML cells through accelerated cell-cycle progression, whereas profound RUNX1 depletion led to cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. In these RUNX1-silenced tumors, amounts of compensative upregulation of RUNX2 and RUNX3 expressions were roughly equivalent and created an absolute elevation of total RUNX (RUNX1 1 RUNX2 1 RUNX3) expression levels in RUNX1 moderately attenuated AML cells. This elevation resulted in enhanced transactivation of glutathione S-transferase a 2 (GSTA2) expression, a vital enzyme handling the catabolization of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as advancing the cell-cycle progressions, and thus ultimately led to the acquisition of proliferative advantage in RUNX1 moderately attenuated AML cells. Besides, treatment with ethacrynic acid, which is known for its GSTA inhibiting property, actually prolonged the survival of AML mice in vivo. Collectively, our findings indicate that moderately attenuated RUNX1 expressions paradoxically enhance leukemogenesis in AML cells through intracellular environmental change via GSTA2, which could be a novel therapeutic target in antileukemia strategy. IntroductionRUNX1, a member of RUNX transcription family proteins (RUNX1, RUNX2, and RUNX3), is an essential transcription factor mediating diverse functions in mammalian cells including cell differentiation, proliferation, cell-cycle regulation, and apoptosis. RUNX1 forms a stable heterodimeric complex with core-binding factor beta on the genome DNA sequence specifically and enhances the transcription of the target genes. Frequent gene alterations including mutations and translocations in RUNX1 provided the basis for classical conception that regards RUNX1 as an oncosuppressor. 1,2 This classical viewpoint has been challenged by our recent findings that wild-type RUNX1 is stringently required for the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with inv (16) The full-text version of this article contains a data supplement. 14408 AUGUST 2017 x VOLUME 1, NUMBER 18fusions. [3][4][5] We have also discovered the requirement of RUNX family proteins in the maintenance of leukemi...