547.99.992 Aqueous alkaline depolymerization of technical hydrolysis lignin (THL) was carried out with a 5% NaOH solution at a temperature of 180°C for 6 hours, the ratio between the biomass and depolymerizing agent being 1:8. The poplar wood sawdust was treated under the same conditions for 2 hours, where anthraquinone was added as a catalyst (0.5 wt %). The poplar wood bark was treated for 4 hours, without anthraquinone. Compounds contained in the aqueous phase were extracted three times by means of toluene for a ratio between the organic and aqueous phases equal to 1:5, 1:5 and 1:5. The compounds 2-methoxyphenol, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanone, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, etc., were identified through GC-MS analysis in obtained extracts.
This
work summarizes the results of multiple experiments performed
in the LUKOIL Neftohim Burgas Research Laboratory related to the issue
of high values of hot filtration test (HFT) of the residue H-Oil hydrocracking
residual oil products. After the start-up of the new residue H-Oil
hydrocracker in the LUKOIL Neftohim Burgas refinery during the second
half of 2015 the values of the HFT of the vacuum tower bottom product
varied between 0.01 and 8.7%. It was found that the vacuum residual
oil feed source has a profound effect on the processes of sedimentation
in the H-Oil hydrocracker. The processing of vacuum residual oils
from Arab medium, Arab heavy, and Basrah light crudes reduced the
sedimentation and allowed achievement of a higher conversion. The
H/C ratios of asphaltenes from all studied feeds decreased after hydrocracking.
However, the decrease of the H/C ratio was the least pronounced with
the Basra light asphaltenes, while the H/C ratios of asphaltenes
from the vacuum residual oils originating from the crudes Urals and
El Bouri became much lower. The maltene fraction H/C ratio could become
lower, the same, or higher after hydrocracking depending on the feed
source, catalyst metal (vanadium) loading, or the hydrocracking unit
(commercial, pilot plant, or laboratory unit). It was found that after
addition of high aromatic fluid catalytic cracking gas oils the H-Oil
residue HFT dropped and the dependence of the residue HFT on the concentration
of FCC gas oils in the blend could be approximated by a third order
polynomial. Correlations were developed to predict the H-Oil based
residual fuel oil HFT from information on the base H-Oil residue HFT
and the amount of added fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gas oil. The
treatment of the H-Oil residual oils with commercial HFT reducers
may decrease the residual oil HFT. However, the efficiency in HFT
reduction turned out to depend on the nature of the H-Oil residue
and on the concentration range of the HFT reducing additive. From
all studied additives solely the dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA)
was capable of reducing the H-Oil residual oil below 0.1%. However,
the treatment rate of the DBSA was an order higher than that of the
commercial additives A, B, and C. DBSA was an order of magnitude more
effective in the reduction of the total sediment existent, and the
total sediment potential than the FCC HCO.
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