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Identifying and quantifying the biological concentrations of certain biomolecules such as dopamine, glucose, tyrosine, and cholesterol, etc. has become the basis for medical diagnosis in the treatment of a number of related diseases. In most cases, the concentrations of these biomolecules in biofluids like blood acts as a biomarker and becomes crucial in the treatment of diseases. On the other hand, advanced ceramics refers to oxides (alumina, zirconia), non-oxides: (carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides), Composites (particulate reinforced combinations of oxides and non-oxides), etc. This review article discusses recent developments in the field of electrochemical sensors developed using metal and metal oxide based advanced ceramics with an emphasis on developments in the field over the past five years. The article presents the key results, important findings, and interesting chemistry of biosensing advanced ceramic based electrochemical biosensors for some important biomolecules such as acetaminophen, glucose, and dopamine, etc.

Aqueous rechargeable sodium-ion batteries (ARSBs) have received much attention due to their low cost, the vast abundance of sodium, and the possible application for a smart grid-scale energy storage system. Here, we synthesized Na3FePO4CO3, a cathode material for ARSBs by a low-temperature ionothermal method using deep eutectic solvent and investigated its electrochemical performance. The physical characterization of the synthesized cathode material was done using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, thermogravimetry analysis, differential thermal analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to evaluate crystal size, structure, elemental composition, morphology, and oxidation state. The electrochemical behavior of Na3FePO4CO3 in 2 M Na2SO4 was studied using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charge-discharge techniques. The study revealed that at high current rates, the synthesized cathode material, Na3FePO4CO3 exhibited excellent electrochemical performance. The full cell NaTi2(PO4)3/2 M Na2SO4/Na3FePO4CO3 delivers a discharge capacity of 78.6 mAh g−1 at C/5 rate which is 82% of the theoretical capacity (96 mAh g−1 for one-electron reaction) and 41.62 mAh g−1 at 2 C rate Further, it retains a discharge capacity of 70 mAh g−1 over 100 cycles with good cyclability.

This work reports an electro‐analytical study of NaCoO2 as cathode material synthesized by a low‐temperature combustion method for aqueous sodium‐ion batteries. The synthesized cathode material was electrochemically characterized in 2 M NaOH aqueous electrolyte. The obtained material‘s physical characteristics are investigated by X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), Thermo‐Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to evaluate its crystal structure, crystal size, composition, and surface morphology. From SEM images, the crystal size of the synthesized NaCoO2 is found to be varying between 50–100 nm with good crystallinity. From TGA studies, the material shows thermal stability up to around 300 °C with maximum weight loss at about 375 °C. Electrochemical behaviour of NaCoO2 in 2 M aqueous sodium electrolytes are evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge‐discharge techniques. The cell, NaTi2(PO4)3/2 M NaOH/NaCoO2 constructed in aqueous 2 M NaOH is found to deliver a discharge capacity of 89 mAh g−1 at C/10 rate. It retains its initial capacity over 55 cycles and at a high Crate of 1 C a discharge capacity of 34 mAh g−1 was obtained which can be compared with that obtained for NaCoO2 in non‐aqueous battery systems.

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