Four first primary alcohols and l-octanol were studied with the wide-angle X-ray scattering method using both transmission and reflection techniques at room temperature (293 K). The subsequent radial distribution analysis gives C-O and C-C distances that are in good agreement with the known bond lengths of single alcohol molecules. The shortest averaged C-H and O-H distances are much smaller than those from the gas-phase data. It is deduced that the shortened distance is caused by the deformed electron distribution between H and C atoms. The intermolecular hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups occurs at a distance of 2.8 A, and is a common feature for all the samples. The corresponding coordination number of 1.7 indicates linear chains of about ten molecules. The absence of sharp features in the intensity curves suggests that the arrangement of chains is irregular and that the length of the chains varies.
The X-ray scattering intensity of liquid sulfur was measured at 130, 155, 180, 210, 240, 270 and 300°C by a reflection method from a free liquid surface. This was carried out using a special inner diffraction chamber as a sample holder. As a result of a radial distribution analysis, the radial functions were obtained and atomic distances and coordination numbers for the first two coordination shells were determined. The results can be explained by proposing that the molecular structure of liquid sulfur is composed of S8-rings.
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