ZusammenfassungDie kinetische Bewegungsanalyse dient beim Pferd u.a. dazu, die Beurteilung von Hufkorrekturmaßnahmen mit technischen Mitteln zu verbessern. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass derartige Untersuchungen mit dem hier getesteten, relativ kostengünstigen Hoof TM -System (Tekscan ® ) zur Ermittlung der Druckverteilung unter der Hufsohle nicht nur wissenschaftlich, sondern auch unter Klinikbedingungen möglich sind. Außerdem wurde mit dieser Methode die Fußung, die Belastung und der Abrollvorgang der Vordergliedmaßen von 10 Pferden auf dem Laufband untersucht. Bei den überwiegend zeheneng gestellten Gliedmaßen der Probanden dieser Studie traten erwartungsgemäß am häufigsten die laterale Fußung, eine stärkere Belastung der lateralen Hufhälfte und ein Abrollen über die laterale Zehe auf. Eine nicht geringe Anzahl von Gliedmaßen entsprach allerdings in Bezug auf die Interaktionen zwischen speziellen Gliedmaßen-bzw. Zehenstellungen und Hufformen einerseits mit der Fußung und der Belastung andererseits nicht den überlieferten Erwartungen. Deshalb ist zusätz-lich zu der Erfassung der Gliedmaßenkonformation eine individuelle Ganganalyse, z.B. zur Optimierung der Hufbalance, erforderlich. Die auf historischen Beobachtungen beruhende Fußungstheorie, die auch heute noch einen basalen Stellenwert im Rahmen der Hufzubereitung hat, wurde durch die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie mit moderner Technik als weiterhin bedeutsam bestätigt.Schlüsselwörter: Bewegungsanalyse / Kinetik / Hufsensor / Hufkorrektur / Fußungstheorie / Pferd Kinetic examination of initial hoof contact, load distribution and break-over in the forelimbs of horses walking and trotting on a treadmill using the Hoof TM System (Tekscan ® )Kinetic analysis of equine gait is used, among other purposes, as a technical means to aid in the clinical assessment of the effects of hoof trimming. The current study shows that the relatively low-priced Hoof TM System (Tekscan ® ) for hoof pressure measurement allows such investigations not only for scientific purposes, but also in clinical conditions. Additionally, initial hoof contact, load distribution and break-over of the fore hooves of 10 horses on the treadmill were analyzed with this technique. The limbs, which mostly had a toe-in conformation, showed predominantly, as expected, lateral landing, higher loading of the lateral aspect of the hoof and lateral break-over. However, a certain number of limbs showed motion and loading patterns that were not expected based on traditional interpretations of the effects of hoof and distal limb conformation. Therefore, gait analysis should be performed on an individual basis in this type of animals, for example for optimising hoof balance. The theory of dynamic hoof balance (Fußungstheorie), which is empirically based but still is fundamental for practical hoof trimming today, was confirmed by the results of the present study.
This study was conducted to determine the fermentation characteristics of rye or sorghum mixed with different ratios of water (25%, 37.5%, 50%, 62.5%, and 75% in dry matter (DM)), incubated up to 48 h. The pH of the fermented rye at a DM content of 25% after 24 h had the lowest values (3.57) compared to that at a DM content of 75% (6.42). In fermented sorghum, pH values were lower than 4 already after incubation at 25% DM for 12 h (3.93) in comparison to that at DM content 75% (6.51). The L-lactic acid concentration in the fermented rye with 25% DM content after 24 h was significantly the highest (18.7 g/kg DM), as was that of sorghum with 25% DM content after 24 h (22.2 g/kg DM). Moreover, the acetic acid level in the fermented rye with 25% DM content after 24 h was significantly the highest (3.02 g/kg DM) compared to the other DM contents of fermented rye. Also, in fermented sorghum (25% DM), the acetic acid content was significantly the greatest (1.49 g/kg DM) in comparison to the other DM contents of fermented sorghum. Overall, fermented rye and sorghum containing 25 or 37.5% DM for 24 h and 12 h for rye and sorghum, respectively are sufficient for fermentation to be optimized based on the values of pH and lactic acid content, except for acetic acid content, which may negatively affect the palatability in animals.
The Sertoli cell (SC)-specific knockout (KO) of connexin43 (Cx43) was shown to be an effector of multiple histological changes in tubular morphology, resulting in germ cell loss through to a Sertoli-cell-only (SCO) phenotype and vacuolated seminiferous tubules containing SC-clusters. Our present study focused on the effects of Cx43 loss on SC ultrastructure. Using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), we could confirm previous results. Ultrastructural analysis of Sertoli cell nuclei (SCN) revealed that these appear in clusters with a phenotype resembling immature/proliferating SCs in KO mice. Surprisingly, SCs of fertile wild type (WT) mice contained SCN with a predominantly smooth surface instead of deep indentations of the nuclear envelope, suggesting that these indentations do not correlate with germ cell support or spermatogenesis. SBF-SEM facilitated the precise examination of clustered SCs. Even if the exact maturation state of mutant SCs remained unclear, our study could detect indications of cellular senescence as well as immaturity, emphasising that Cx43 affects SC maturation. Moreover, Sudan III staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated an altered lipid metabolism in SCs of Cx43 deficient mice.
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