Results of a climatological study of severe cold waves in India based on observations extending over a period of 51 years are presented. The main aspects considered are the period of occurrence, frequency, intensity, persistency, extent, development and decay.
The earliest study of thunderstorm fre-quencies in India was by Dallas (1900) who discussed observations taken at 10 stations in India during the year 1897. Since then there have been several studies but most of the climatological studies were restricted to particular places or small areas (Desai and Mull 1938) or with more restricted defini-tions of thunderstorm, viz., those associated with rainfall (India met. Dep. 1944, Venkite-shwaran 1932, 1935).
Attempt has been made to explain the local variations of the SE trades in the lower levels during the northern summer at Diego-Suarez in Malagasy, Garissa in Kenya and Socotra in the west Arabian Sea. At Diego-Suarez the trades experience local acceleration which is ascribed to the increased pressure gradient caused by the Malagasy barrier, Kenya is situated east of the African barrier where, to the north of the equator, a. pressure trough and to the south 11 pressure ridge are produced by the barrier, From the ridge to the trough an organised flow of air takes place up to north Somalia, This flow, across the equator over Kenya, can accelerate when the trough ridge system intensifies, In the area of Socotra the thermally controlled pressure gradient is considered mainly responsible fur the increased wind speed. Importance of the African barrier on the Indian monsoon is also discussed.
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