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PM 10 , PM 5 , and ultrafine (< 0.132 μm) mass concentrations, and metals (As, Be, Ca, Cd, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Zn) the highest in spring due to the contribution of long-range transported and fugitive dust particles, whereas mass concentration of ultrafine particles had no seasonal variation and was not significantly affected by dust particles. Enrichment factor (EF) for each metal and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) among ultrafine metals were conducted to evaluate effects of anthropogenic and natural sources on ultrafine metals and to determine association among metals. We found that Fe, Ni, Zn, Sb, and K exhibited relatively higher fraction in ultrafine size and had higher EF values (i.e., anthropogenic). Results from wind-dependent metal concentrations suggested that Zn and Ni in ultrafine particles originated from metallurgical sources from a nearby industrial complex. We also found that during an Asian dust event, Ca concentration increased most significantly among ultrafine metals.
Aims: To see the possibility of particle size distribution analyser (PSDA) in detecting concentration of lactobacillus contaminants in yeast fermentation. Methods and Results: A PSDA was used to rapidly determine the size and concentration of lactobacillus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Data showed that the aerodynamic diameters of Lactobacillus casei and S. cerevisiae cells were around 0·63 and 2·9 μm, respectively, with both cultures showing a linear relationship between cell density and particle count on a size distribution curve of PSDA. In addition, Lactobacillus fermentum showed high similarity in bacterial size distribution and particle count numbers with L. casei. The PSDA also rapidly detected (within 1 min) the cell concentrations of S. cerevisiae and L. casei in a mixed sample with different concentration ratios with 107–109 cells ml−1 of detection range. Conclusions: PSDA was demonstrated to be useful for the rapid detection of lactobacillus and S. cerevisiae concentrations. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first report concerning PSDA to detect the concentration of bacteria and yeast. This method can be useful in the actual field during ethanol fermentation because of relatively easy handling and rapid detection.
The adverse effects of rainwater and artificial urban runoff (an imitation of urban runoff during rainfall event) were investigated using a battery of bioassays employing three test species. Urban dusts were collected at three representative sites; commercial, industrial and highway areas. The water quality parameters of rainwater and artificial runoff revealed low hardness (23.4 approximately 34.2 mg*L(-1) as CaCO(3)) and alkalinity (7.0 approximately 34.2 mg*L(-1) as CaCO(3)). High toxicities were observed in the bioassays for the artificial runoffs. The average toxic units for D. magna, S. capricornutum, and O. latipes were 1.26(+/-0.84), 1.34(+/-1.10) and 2.05(+/-1.08), respectively. Of these species, O. latipes revealed significantly higher toxicity compared to D. magna and S. capricornutum (p < 0.05). Embryo lesions were observed with 6.25% treatments, and these significantly increased at 12.5% treatments (p < 0.05). The EC(50) values for each artificial runoff were 22.5, 22.6 and 25.4% for commercial, industrial and highway areas, respectively. With 12.5% treatment, significant delays in hatching times were observed (p < 0.05); all embryos tested did not hatched at 100% treatment. Similarly, a significant decrease in hatching success was observed at every sampling point from 25% treatment (p < 0.05). The adverse effects of artificial runoff on the three test species suggests that urban surface runoff can cause significant impairment in aquatic ecosystems.
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