A disruptive approach to a fundamental process has been applied in a biomass combustion device with two variable speed fans to supply air for gasification and another for combustion processes, separately. Besides, the preheating of secondary air, required for combustion process was also ensured through annulus chamber before being fed into the combustion chamber. The turbulent flow and homogenous mixing were also ensured by controlling the flow rate resulting in the reduced emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5, particulate matter having aerodynamic diameter <2.5 micron). The design approach applied here has also ensured the homogeneous mixing of preheated air with the volatiles, resulted in cleaner combustion. This arrangement has led to the emissions of PM2.5 and CO much better than those of the earlier cookstove models, and very close to that of a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove. Further, the comparative analysis based on the modified star rating of total 15 (14 are biomass and another LPG) cookstove models tested using the same standard methodology has been done and presented in this study. Based on the star rating, the performance of the LPG stove was found to be best and assigned as a 5-star product followed by the IITD model (4-star), while the other 13 models got different ratings starting from 1-star to 3-star, respectively. Also, the thermal performance of the IITD cookstove model is found to be the highest, while the emission characteristics are found to be the least among all biomass cookstove models, presented here.
KEYWORDSStar rating; biomass pellet cookstove; thermal performance; fine particulate matter (PM2.5); carbon monoxide Nomenclature A duct :Cross-sectional area of duct (m 2 ) CO 2e :Carbon-dioxide equivalent (tone) CV:Calorific value of fuel (kcal/kg) D:Diameter of cookstove (m) E s : Specific energy of food (kcal/kg) FCR:Fuel consumption rate (kg/h) H:Height of cookstove (m) H d :Total energy delivered to pot (kcal)
Plastic waste poses a serious threat to the environment and it has been increasing at an alarming rate. In 2022, global plastic waste generation was reported to be around 380 million tonnes as compared to 353 million tonnes in 2019. Production of liquid fuel from plastic waste is regarded as a viable method for disposing of the plastic and utilizing its energy. Currently, a wide range of technologies have been explored for turning plastic waste into fuel, including the conventional pyrolysis, incineration, gasification and advanced oxidation. However, a systematic summary and comparative analysis of various technologies has still not reported. Traditional non-biodegradable plastic waste (NPW) treatment methods include landfilling and incineration, but these methods encounter bottlenecks and are unable to adequately address NPW issues. This review attempts to present a thorough summary of treatment methods for plastic waste (both conventional and novel treatment technologies that have recently been reported), examine their mechanism and their current state of development. Furthermore, the superiority and drawbacks of each technology are analysed and the prospects of technology application are proposed. By tackling the problems of white pollution and energy scarcity, this review intends to inspire the use of solid waste as a source of energy.
India holds seventh largest share of land and second largest share of human population on the earth. Unique geographical location and bountiful natural resources that have once made India the cradle of human civilisation have been redefined as renewable resources in the wake of fast depleting fossils and impending doom of global warming. Moreover, as the issue of sustainability rises up every now and then, India seeks to find solution in its veteran trusted resources, the sun, the wind, the oceans and flora-fauna, yet following a well-defined strategic trajectory. Due to consistent endeavours and strong policy support, currently, India is amongst top six countries of the world, in terms of highest renewable additions in the past decade, fifth in terms of wind power generation and second largest biogas consumer in the world. Further, a bundle of programmes to promote renewable energy, viz., Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM), National Biomass Cookstoves Initiative (NBCI), National Biogas and Manure Management Programme (NBMMP), Village Energy Security Programme (VESP), Remote Village Electrification Programme (RVEP) and National Hydrogen Energy Programme (NHEP), are being implemented countrywide. Adding one more feather in its cap, recently, India launched its much awaited offshore wind policy. This chapter tries to investigate the renewable energy potential of the country, existing technologies, policies and programmes and finally brings out prospects and challenges of renewable energy for the country.
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