A State-of-the-Art Review on the Technological Advancements for the Sustainable Management of Plastic Waste in Consort with the Generation of Energy and Value-Added Chemicals

Abstract

Plastic waste poses a serious threat to the environment and it has been increasing at an alarming rate. In 2022, global plastic waste generation was reported to be around 380 million tonnes as compared to 353 million tonnes in 2019. Production of liquid fuel from plastic waste is regarded as a viable method for disposing of the plastic and utilizing its energy. Currently, a wide range of technologies have been explored for turning plastic waste into fuel, including the conventional pyrolysis, incineration, gasification and advanced oxidation. However, a systematic summary and comparative analysis of various technologies has still not reported. Traditional non-biodegradable plastic waste (NPW) treatment methods include landfilling and incineration, but these methods encounter bottlenecks and are unable to adequately address NPW issues. This review attempts to present a thorough summary of treatment methods for plastic waste (both conventional and novel treatment technologies that have recently been reported), examine their mechanism and their current state of development. Furthermore, the superiority and drawbacks of each technology are analysed and the prospects of technology application are proposed. By tackling the problems of white pollution and energy scarcity, this review intends to inspire the use of solid waste as a source of energy.

Valorization of rice straw via torrefaction and its effect on the physicochemical properties

“…The I D /I G ratios for torre ed rice straw at different temperatures are shown in Table 4. The I D /I G ratio decreased with increasing torrefaction temperature and time, which indicates that the carbon structures became more ordered and, conversely, could possess a lower graphitization degree at higher temperatures, which is in agreement with the literature results [40][41][42][43]45].…”

The current status of hydrogen energy: an overview

“…Indirect oxidation employing potent oxidizing intermediates predominates in the conversion of plastics, whereas direct oxidation corresponds to the electrophilic assault on a polymer by OH created by water discharge on the anode surface. 106 For example, Fig. 14a shows electrocatalyst reforming process of for direct oxidation polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by using palladium modified nickel foam (Pd/NF) anode and pure NF cathode.…”

A review of the thermochemistries of biomass gasification and utilisation of gas products

“…In fluidised bed gasifiers, silica or alumina, which have high specific heat capacities and thermal stability, is used as bed materials. 20 In some cases, catalysts may be added with the bed material. 21 The gasifying agent fluidises the bed and the biomass, leading to enhanced heat transfer, increased reaction rates, short residence times and higher conversion efficiencies compared to fixed bed gasifiers.…”