The paper explores the use of concepts in cognitive psychology to evaluate the spread of misinformation, disinformation and propaganda in online social networks. Analysing online social networks to identify metrics to infer cues of deception will enable us to measure diffusion of misinformation. The cognitive process involved in the decision to spread information involves answering four main questions viz consistency of message, coherency of message, credibility of source and general acceptability of message. We have used the cues of deception to analyse these questions to obtain solutions for preventing the spread of misinformation. We have proposed an algorithm to effectively detect deliberate spread of false information which would enable users to make informed decisions while spreading information in social networks. The computationally efficient algorithm uses the collaborative filtering property of social networks to measure the credibility of sources of information as well as quality of news items. The validation of the proposed methodology has been done on the online social network 'Twitter'.

This work presents the O K-and Ti L 3,2-edge x-ray absorption near-edge structure ͑XANES͒ spectra of Pb x Sr 1−x TiO 3 ͑P x STO͒ and Ba x Sr 1−x TiO 3 ͑B x STO͒ compounds with various Pb and Ba concentrations. The result provides direct evidence that the Pb-O bonding strongly affects O 2p-Ti 3d hybridization in the TiO 6 octahedron of P x STO. In contrast, the Ba-O bonding does not substantially affect O 2p-Ti 3d hybridization in B x STO. The Ti L 3-edge XANES spectra show the splitting of the e g band for P x STO with x տ 0.5, which provides an evidence of Pb-induced tetragonal distortion in the TiO 6 octahedron. In contrast, e g band splitting is absent in B x STO.

This study performs O K-and Ti L 3,2-edge x-ray absorption near-edge structure ͑XANES͒ measurements and first-principles pseudopotential calculations for the electronic structures of ABO 3-type Pb 1Ϫx Ca x TiO 3 (xϭ0-1) perovskites. The features in the O K-edge XANES spectra are found to be contributed primarily by hybridization between O 2p and Ti 3d, Pb 6p, and Ca 3d orbitals. The O K-edge XANES spectra reveal that partial substitution of A cations, Pb, by Ca not only decreases O 2p-Pb 6p but also O 2p-Ti 3d hybridization. The Ti L 3,2-edge measurements find that the off-center displacement of Ti, and hence, ferroelectricity persist up to a Ca concentration between 0.3 and 0.4.

Electronic structures of the nanorods of RuO2 and IrO2 metallic oxides were investigated by x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and scanning photoelectron microscopy (SPEM). O K-, Ru, and Ir L3-edge XANES results reveal that hybridization between O 2p and metal t2g orbitals is weaker in IrO2 than in RuO2. The enhancement of the tip-region SPEM intensities relative to those in the sidewall regions for both RuO2 and IrO2 nanorods is found to extend over a large energy range in contrast to those of carbon nanotubes and ZnO nanorods, which are confined to deep below and near the Fermi level, respectively.

The effect of nitrogen incorporation on the bonding structure of hydrogenated carbon nitride films Electron cyclotron resonance deposition, structure, and properties of oxygen incorporated hydrogenated diamondlike amorphous carbon films