The article substantiates the expediency of applying the foundations of resource saving in the development of innovative technologies for producing of machine billets hot die forging from worn machine components for the subsequent manufacture of them of new parts in the industrial conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on technologies that provide minimal impact to the environment based on the developed methods of metal processing. The optimal combinations of basic parameters of the process of introducing resource-saving technologies in the repair and maintenance operations are proposed. As an example, the article substantiates possibility of carrying out the process of shaping long tubular forgings from extremely worn thick-walled bushings.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of innovative development of agriculture in Russia. Innovations are becoming a determining factor in upgrading the efficiency of economic development under conditions when market dynamics undergo revolutionary changes. An integral component of innovation processes is an unbiased assessment of the current state and dynamics of innovation indicators. However, the existing methodology and approaches to estimating innovative development at the macroeconomic level do not provide an objective account of implementation of the given process regarding particular sectors of the economy. The methodology of this research is based on the works of Russian and foreign economists, national laws and regulations, the Oslo Manual on the nature, content and measurement of innovative potential, as well as materials from periodicals on assessment of innovations, and scientific approaches to the study of innovative advancement in agriculture. Specific factors discouraging the process of introducing innovations in agriculture have been revealed. Analysis of key indicators demonstrating the level of innovative development is performed. The ways of increasing performance of innovative activity in agricultural sector are proposed. The prioritized measures for increasing innovation activity in agriculture were formulated. The measures needed to create a multi-level system of training and retraining specialists employed in agribusiness and measures for the development of institutional infrastructure for innovations, development and adoption of legislative and normative acts regulating and stimulating innovative activity have been proposed.
Рассматриваются направления развития биоэкономики в России в рамках переработки сельскохозяйственной продукции, выделяются элементы организационно-экономического механизма в системе биоэкономики. Предлагается инвестиционный проект по строительству предприятия по глубокой переработке зерна, а также проводится технико-экономическое обоснование представленного проекта на основе анализа экономической эффективности.
Проблема рециклирования сельскохозяйственной техники является актуальной и требу-ет комплексного решения. Негативное экологическое воздействие данной категории отходов обуславливает необходимость рассмотрения проблемы рециклирования сельскохозяйственной техники с учетом риска и неопределенностей. С этой целью проводится анализ основных на-правлений рециклирования с учетом экономической составляющей и влияния на окружающую среду. Предлагается схема управления рисками в системе рециклирования сельскохозяйствен-ной техники на основе предварительной оценки проектов рециклирования в рамках представ-ленной методики оценки эколого-экономической эффективности системы рециклирования сельскохозяйственной техники с учетом рисков, влияющих на компоненты окружающей сре-ды, с использованием вероятностного подхода.
Implementation of environmentally significant activities is often associated with the need to attract significant investment from different sources, both public and private. However, investors should be interested in the profitability of their investments and receiving definite guarantees. To this end, the article describes the method of estimating the cost-effectiveness of the investment attractiveness of the procedure, which is used today in domestic practice (Russia). Then it has been found how to change this procedure to allow estimating the high risk and uncertainty of projects. In particular, the authors suggest using an objective function, which they have developed for the evaluation of investment projects. The main goal of the objective function is not only to improve the production, but also to improve the ecological situation in the region.
The article substantiates the expediency of applying the basics of resource saving in the development of innovative technologies for strengthening serial parts and restoring worn ones. At the same time, the main task is the rational use of available material resources in the conditions of a decline in production, when it becomes profitable to restore metal-intensive parts worn out to a critical level. In capital repair of machines, the main problems are associated with the energy intensity of the process and a significant number of rejected parts that cannot be restored. Currently, most of the worn-out metal-intensive cast iron and steel body parts that have exhausted the resource are subjected to energy-intensive melting. For the reuse of metal-consuming parts in operation, a technology has been proposed for multilayer banding of a worn surface, in which steel tape is used instead of traditional banding rings. Winding the tape occurs under an interference in several layers. In this case, a multilayer bandage with interturn stresses is formed, which is not inferior in strength to a whole banding ring. The use of a steel “bandage” for the “treatment” of parts reduces the metal consumption for its manufacture by 2.5 times in comparison with the well-known one-piece ring made of round steel. As an example, the article substantiates the possibility of carrying out the banding process in relation to the restoration and strengthening of the seat under the bearing of the housing part. A multilayer bandage can also be used in the recovery of metal-intensive rolling rolls written off in scrap used on broadband cold rolling mills.
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