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A simple and efficient solvent-free method was developed for the acetylation of alcohols, phenols and amines in excellent yields employing glycerol-based sulfonic acid (SO 3 H) functionalized carbon catalyst under environmentally benign reaction conditions. The salient features of this protocol are the short reaction time, ease of product isolation and reusability of the carbon catalyst.

Glycerol, a major biodiesel by‐product, was valorised into a novel and highly stable heterogeneous carbon‐based solid base catalyst with transesterification activity. The SO3H‐carbon catalyst developed previously by us from glycerol was modified into base catalyst by treating with aqueous alkali under controlled conditions. The reported solid base catalyst is first of its kind having polycyclic aromatic carbon sheets attached with ‐SO3Na, ‐COONa and ‐ONa functionalities. The catalyst was characterized for its structural properties using XRD, FTIR, 13C‐MAS NMR, XPS, EDAX, SEM, TEM, TG/DTA, ICP‐OES and Raman spectral techniques. The SO3Na‐ catalyst was employed for the transesterification of sunflower oil to fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) in high yields (99%) at atmospheric pressure. The strong basic sites of the catalyst contributed to its remarkable performance and the activity was intact even after 8 cycles of reuse without any leaching, indicating its high structural stability. Thus, the reported SO3Na‐carbon catalyst possessed the potential of green and economic biodiesel production from oils & fats apart from clean glycerol as by‐product.

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Acid. -The first application of a heteropoly acid catalyst ((NH4)H2PW12O40) as an efficient and water-insoluble catalyst for the selective esterification of aliphatic acids is presented. No reaction with benzoic acids is observed. -(GIRI, B. Y.; DEVI, B. L. A. P.; GANGADHAR, K. N.; RAO, K. N.; LINGAIAH, N.; PRASAD*, P. S. S.; PRASAD, R. B. N.; Synth.

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Acid. -The title catalyst is water--insoluble and inexpensive. Further advantages of the title procedure are environmentally benign conditions and easy work-up. -(GIRI, B. Y.; DEVI, B. L. A. P.; GANGADHAR, K. N.; LAKSHMI, K. V.; PRASAD*, R. B. N.; LINGAIAH, N.; PRASAD, P. S. S.; Synth.