Abstract:A thorough anatomical knowledge is very essential for clinical practice and any surgical procedure. Unfortunately anatomical variations can lead to hazards in medical and dental diagnosis and treatment. Such knowledge is very essential even in effective local anesthesia which is an essential part of treatment in patients with many oral disorders. Therefore a normal anatomy and its possible variations are utmost important aspects also in dentistry. One of the structures that dentists very often deal with is the mandibular nerve which therefore needs a thorough review. However, there are not many consolidated literature reviews available regarding its variations and clinical applications. Keeping this in mind, in this article, the authors have brought together available literature on various aspects of mandibular nerve. The fi nal review will be of benefi t to clinicians (Fig. 2 A thorough anatomical knowledge is very essential for clinical practice and any surgical procedure. The idea of exact location of various structures in the body prepares the clinician for a better approach in diagnosis and intervention. Unfortunately, the anatomical variations can lead to hazards in medical and dental diagnosis and treatment. Such knowledge is very essential even in effective local anesthesia which is an essential part of treatment in patients with many oral disorders. Therefore a normal anatomy and its possible variations are utmost important aspects also in dentistry. One of the structures that dentists very often deal with is the mandibular nerve which therefore needs a thorough review. However, there are not many consolidated literature reviews available regarding its variations and clinical applications. Keeping this in mind, in this article, the authors have brought together literature available on various aspects of mandibular nerve. The fi nal review will be of benefi t to clinicians.The mandibular nerve, largest division of trigeminal nerve, supplies the mandibular teeth and gums, mucosa of the anterior two thirds of the tongue, fl oor of the oral cavity, skin of the temporal region, part of the auricle and external acoustic meatus including the tympanum, lower lip, and lower and posterior parts of the face. Developmentally, it is the post-trematic nerve of the fi rst pharyngeal arch and therefore contains the motor fi bers to the muscles developed from the fi rst pharyngeal arch. It is a mixed nerve formed by the union of a large sensory root, branch of the lower part of the trigeminal ganglion and a smaller motor root from the pons which courses under the trigeminal ganglion. Both roots exit through the foramen ovale and unite just outside the foramen to form the trunk of the mandibular nerve which descends between the tensor veli palatini and lateral pterygoid muscles, gives off a meningeal branch and the nerve to medial pterygoid branch and ends by dividing into a smaller, mostly motor anterior branch and a larger, mostly sensory posterior branch. It contains about 78,000 myelinated fi bers. The nerve...
Normally, the popliteal fossa contains popliteal vessels, tibial and common peroneal nerves. An occurrence of muscle in the popliteal fossa is very rare. During routine dissection classes for medical undergraduates, an anomalous muscle in the popliteal fossa was encountered. The muscle was originating from the thick fascia around the popliteal vessels. It was getting inserted to the medial head of the gastrocnemius through a narrow tendon and was supplied by a branch of tibial nerve. The muscle was observed in the right limb and was unilateral. An awareness of the possibility that such anomalous muscles can occur in the popliteal fossa is clinically essential as these may possibly entrap and compress the popliteal vessels. The muscle reported in the present case bears clinical signifi cance since near its origin it almost completely surrounded the popliteal vessels and could pull on these vessels on contraction (Fig. 3, Ref. 14). Full Text in PDF www.elis.sk.
To study the effect of KAP tool on nutrition intervention in the lifestyle modification of obese respondents Objectives
Introduction: Many researchers have highlighted a reciprocal link between depression and obesity. This study was an attempt to analyze the effect of various lifestyle factors on the degree of depression assessed using Beck’s inventory. Objectives: To analyse the incidence of depression in obese individuals using a standardised tool named Beck’s depression inventory and to analyse the correlation of different lifestyle and dietary factors with depression. Methodology: The study was conducted in two health care centres in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. This experiment was part of a research on obesity and was done among respondents having higher grades of BMI who attempted either bariatric surgery or conventional weight loss methods to reduce weight. The criterion for inclusion in this experiment were BMI of 33 Kg/m2 - 50 Kg/m2 and age range 18-65 years. Those having BMI more than 50Kg/m2, history of nephropathy, food allergy and uncontrolled diabetes were excluded. The samples included 10 respondents who opted conventional method and 18 respondents who opted Bariatric surgery for weight loss. The base line data were collected through a structured questionnaire and the depression status was assessed using Beck’s depression inventory. A comparative analysis was done using percentage distribution, Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA, and Paired t test. Results: The major variable for this experiment was the depression score which generated a mean value of 7.4±3.9 in the surgery group and 13.7± 8.2 in the non surgery group. Age, monthly income, sitting time in hours, sleep apnoea score, waist circumference, Family obesity score and morbidity score were influencing depression status. Body Mass Index and body fat percentage were the most correlating anthropometric parameters with the depression score. Sitting time lower than 5 hours and sleep duration greater than 6hours were related to higher depression score whereas sleep apnoea score did not have any linear relation with depression score. Sedentary occupation and sleep initiation time later than 10’o clock also related to higher score with depression inventory. Respondents who had a history of obesity from childhood had higher incidence of depression. The diet analysis revealed that higher intake of protein, carbohydrates and fiber produced a negative trend in the case of depression score while higher intake of fat was producing a positive correlation. The intake of Methionine, phenyl alanin, tryptophan and tyrosine were higher than requirement and had a negative influence on depression. Deficient intake of omega three and omega six fatty acids and excess intake of PUFA and MUFA related to higher scores in depression while adequate or higher intake of EPA and DHA related to lower scores of depression. When the intake of anti oxidant water soluble vitamins were low, the scores obtained with the depression inventory were high. The intake of calcium was close to requirement and was showing somewhat positive influence on depression score. The intake of other important minerals and trace elements were lesser than requirement and had negative influence on depression status. The mean intake of sodium was found to be higher than the recommended intake and produced proportional rise in the depression score. Summary and conclusion: It is clear from this study that unhealthy lifestyle patterns and poor diet quality have a strong influence on depression score obtained through Beck’s inventory
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