The commonly used flax process of decortication allows the mechanical extraction of fibre from plant stems without prior retting. The one-type fibre obtained in this process is characterised by very low quality, as it is poorly divided, has high linear mass and high amounts of impurities. This paper presents a description of a newly developed method of obtaining high quality flax cottonized fibre from low quality decorticated fibre by application of a wet degumming process for fibre. The experiment involved studying the parameters of flax fibres after each step of the technological process i.e. after decortication, wet degumming and final mechanical cottonisation. The study covered tests of the following fiber parameters: linear mass, length, impurities, chemical composition as well as thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis and scanning electron microscopy images. The results confirm the efficiency of the method applied for obtaining high quality fibre from decorticated flax fibre.
This article shows that changes occurring on the surface of roller bearings in the form of grinding smudges stem from the subsurface material defects of these elements. The authors discuss how the smudges are created and show the results of computed tomography tests conducted for roller bearing rings with the above-mentioned defects. The ring reconstruction images are presented, and the defects are located and described with the use of reverse engineering. The defects identified are presented in radiographs. The topography tests confirmed the existence of subsurface defects that emerge on the surface in the form of smudges, once the grinding of an element starts.
For the sake of driving safety, the right choice of the brake pad friction material and its manufacturing processes to obtain the appropriate tribological properties is a matter of priority for brake pad manufacturers. Determination of the tribological properties is best done in component tests, i.e. in the setup: brake pads – brake disc. At the request of one of the domestic brake pad manufacturers, as part of the POIR project, an inertia dynamometer for testing friction and wear of brake pads and brake discs was developed and manufactured, which was given the symbol T-33. A test methodology was developed based on the “Cold application section” procedure described in SAE J2522:2003. The T-33 inertia dynamometer is designed for testing brake pads and brake discs intended for five vehicles representing the passenger vehicle class and vans. The paper presents the new test stand, test methodology, and results of verification tests of the T-33 dynamometer (interlaboratory comparison tests) performed on the Cinquecento vehicle brake setup.
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) released into the air contribute to adverse climate changes, discomfort, and harmful effects on the human body. Principal sources of VOC emissions are industrial processes and, in the case of rooms for human residence, building materials and indoor furnishings. VOC emissions are monitored and restricted in line with legislation prevailing in the European Union and most countries of the world. The chamber method is used to measure noxious substance emissions from building materials and indoor furnishings.The paper analyses the impact of regulatory requirements concerning emission test parameters and apparatus on technical solutions as part of air preparation assemblies and emission measurement chambers. The design of a 0.225m 3 steel chamber is presented, which was developed by our Institute based on our experience in the design and construction of similar apparatus. Results of verification testing are described.
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